The House Bill 476 The Health Care Facilities Act, And...

Introduction House Bill 476 (H.B. 476) is being reintroduced to amend Public Law 130, Number 48, also known as the Health Care Facilities Act, of the Pennsylvania Consolidated Statutes, to provide professional nurse staffing standards that address patient safety and the delivery of quality nursing care to patients. Adverse patient outcomes have been correlated with insufficient levels of professional nurse staffing. H.B. 476 appoints hospitals responsible to ensure safe and conducive environments for patient care through the use of nurse driven staffing committees. H.B. 476 was introduced to the General Assembly of Pennsylvania on February 17, 2015 by primary sponsor Mauree Gingrich alongside 48 cosponsors. The chief objective of†¦show more content†¦In Support of House Bill 476 Professional Nurse Staffing Standards Inadequate professional nurse staffing levels integrate many social, ethical, economic, and political considerations which can directly impact patient quality outcomes. Requiring hospitals to utilize staffing committees to assign safe professional nurse staffing standards to each unit, reduces the risk for adverse patient measures. High-quality empirical research found a correlation between the professional nursing staff and the quality of patient outcomes (Mason, Leavitt, Chaffee, 2012). By implementing H.B. 476, safer nursing care can be provided and excellence in patient outcomes can be achieved. From a social perspective, H.B. 476 may help narrow the widening gap in supply verse demand of professional nurses needed in acute care settings. Nurses experience high levels of burnout, emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and lack of personal accomplishment when compared to other health care professionals (Khamisa, Peltzer, Oldenburg, 2013). The authors relate such high levels of burnout in nurses to the emotional strain they encounter from providing direct personal care to sick and dying patients. Consequently, this has a direct impact on job satisfaction and nurse retention. A survey by the American Nurses Association (ANA) found 74% of nurses proclaim acute or chronic effects of stress and overwork

Teaching, Learning, And Transformative Learning - 1878 Words

â€Å"At the heart of adult learning is engaging in, reflecting upon, and making meaning of our experiences, whether these experiences are primarily physical, emotional, cognitive, social, or spiritual. In much of our understanding of adult learning including the foundational work in andragogy, self-directed learning, and transformative learning, an adult s life experiences generate learning as well as act as resources for learning (Merriam Bierema, 2014).† When considering my beliefs about experience and the role it plays in our learning, I believe, much like Merriam and Berea do, that experiences are at the heart of learning. I believe that each individual is the sum total of their life experiences and that each person learns from those experiences, whether good or bad. To expand on this idea, Dewey said that â€Å"every experience lives on in further experiences.† He went on to explain that since these experiences live on in us, a person needs to select carefully w hat they will experience in the present knowing the future ramifications. The need to select carefully is best explained by the term mis-educative experience, where an experience can leave a person so upset, angry, or bitter, learning cannot occur from the experience (Dewey, 1961). â€Å"The resource of highest value in adult education is the learner’s experience (Dewey, 1961).† I believe this statement by Dewey to completely true and of the utmost important for learners of any age. 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Ebola Essay Paper Example For Students

Ebola Essay Paper VirusThe Ebola virus (family Filoviridae) responsible for a severe andoften fatal haemorrhagic fever; outbreaks in primates as well as in humans havebeen recorded. The disease is characterised by extreme fever, rash, and profusehaemorrhaging. Fatality rates range from 50 to 90 percent. (1) Ebola wasregarded as an epidemic in 1976 when it was discovered along the Ebola River inZaire. The outbreaks moved throughout Zaire and The Sudan. In 1995 there wasanother epidemic in Zaire which resulted in hundreds of deaths as did theearlier epidemics. (2) People who contracted the Ebola virus will noticesymptoms 4 ? 16 days after they contract the virus. An infected person willsuddenly be hit by severe headaches, muscle aches and loss of appetite. Within afew days the virus causes a condition know as ?disseminated intravascularcoagulation. This condition is marked by both blood clots and haemorrhaging. In the case of Ebola fever, clots are concentrated in the liver, spleen, brain,and other internal organs, forcing capillaries to bleed into surrounding tissue. Nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea with blood and mucus, conjunctivitis, and sorethroat soon follow. A maculopapular rash (discoloured elevations of the skin)appears on the trunk and quickly spreads to the limbs and head. The patient isthen beset by spontaneous bleeding from body orifices and any breaks in theskin, such as injection sites, and within the gastrointestinal tract, skin, andinternal organs. Death is usually brought on by haemorrhaging, shock, or renalfailure and occurs within 8 to 17 days. (3) Like most viruses, Ebola is usuallycarried by animals, especially rodents. Ebola can be transmitted through contactwith infected blood, semen, body fluids, and possibly urine and respiratorysecretions. The virus has also been detected in the organs of patients afterrecovery from the fever. Unsanitary conditions and lack of adequate medicalsupplies have been a factor in the spread of the disease. (4) As of yet there isno known cure or treatment for the Ebola Virus. Current therapy consi sts ofmaintenance of fluid and electrolyte balance and administration of blood andplasma to control bleeding. The spread of the virus can be contained by barriernursing, handling of infected blood and tissue in isolated laboratory units, andproper decontamination of reusable equipment. (5) There were no statisticsavailable on the Ebola Virus but for each outbreak there has been, at least 300+people have died each time. (6) Ebola is usually passed through contact withinfected blood and body fluid. In some cases the virus has become airborne buthas been contained. (7) If you are not living in Zaire near the Ebola river thechances of you contracting Ebola are so remote it isnt even worthconsidering. But if you did contract it while on a holiday in Africa, the bestthing would be to keep away from everyone and ring health authorities as soon aspossible.

Rahman Talib Reports free essay sample

To what extent have Razak Rahman Talib Reports affected the direction of the national education system? From my points of view, there are a few things that from both of the reports give an impacts to our education today. Introducing the Bahasa Melayu as the national language and as a medium of the communication has make the relationship between the races become more stabil and better. Free education from the goverment had help all the unwealthy family to send their children to school.This will help all the poor family to  get education  more better and this will them to make better lives. Teaching moral in school will help pupils to build their  characters  and implant good values in them. Create examination among all  the school will help pupils to know about their abilities and achievement  in academic. Basically, when we are re-examine the Razak Report(1956) and Rahman Talib(1961) to the current education that is KSSR, there are many similarities. We will write a custom essay sample on Rahman Talib Reports or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It is actually an improvement from time to time according with the time flow. If we look back from the Razak Report saying that a national education needed in line with Malaysias aspiration to unite the community, Malay language will be the national language, the development of language and culture of China and India. Bahasa Malaysia and English are compulsory in schools, the teachers are qualified and were placed under a professional services and the inspectorate was established. theCompared to the Rahman Talib Statement, its still remained and emphasized 4 aspects which are implementing national language and taht is Bahasa Malaysia, examination of the same system either in primary, secondary and higher education. Its also provide technical and vocational education for the need of skilled workers and emphasized on religious and moral education. Some changes occur as free education in primary and secondary schools. The current development has changing the educational system but its actually a continuation. A few changes are made for improvement.But in our new system, KSSR and before this KBSR(1982), we still remain Malay language as the main medium of instruction and English is a compulsory language in the classroom. The syllabus were adjusted and it is based on 6 elements that are communication,spirituality,humanitarian, physical and aesthetic development, science and technology and personal skills. The  National education system which is implemented now has some affects from the Razak Report and the Rahman Talib Report. As the Razak Report, it uses the comman syllabus for all schools.Besides, compulsory study of National and English languages in primary and secondry schools. Have the equal grant to all schools. According to the Rahman Talib Report it provided free education system. Continued the nationals school and national type schools. Have religious education and moral education to non-muslim. Based on the the brief points of the reports, they still have the similarities in todays education system. All those which were introduced based on the 2 reports are still being implemented but they are upgraded for example all the schools still use the comman syllabus.Now it is revied based on todays education demand like the usage ICT which was not implemented  during those time. In my opinion, I think Razak and Rahman Talib reports have affected the national education in positive and negative ways. By bringing Bahasa Malaysia as the national language in education has benefited most of the Malaysian citizens because even though we are from poor and middle families, different races, the only language that help us to communicate well is the Malay language.Not only that, these reports has brought the entire Malaysian ethnicity together in one educational system which is good and easy for us. For those who are poor and unaffordable, these reports has brought light to their childrens lives because of the free school books policy was implemented. For those bumiputeras, Razak and Rahman Tal ibs reports benefited due to the Sekolah Kebangsaan implementation where all Malay students who lives in rural areas are encouraged to learn Malay language in schools situated in these areas. Besides that, examination system to the same school even though different languages at the primary, secondary and upper secondary had really brought good impact in nowdays students lives because examinations tests students achievement in education line and through these exams, students would be able to further their studies. Moral subjects which is taught in schools helps to build the character of pupils and implant good values within them. Free education to all schools regardless of the medium helps the poor families who are unable to pay for the fees to enjoy this benefit.

Pros and Cons of Uk Joining the European Union Essay Example

Pros and Cons of Uk Joining the European Union Essay Will the United Kingdom Join the Euro Club? When the euro was introduced in January 1999, the United Kingdom was conspicuously absent from the list of European countries adopting the common currency. Although the current Labor government led by Prime Minister Tony Blair appears to be in favor of joining the euro club, it is not clear at the moment if that will actually happen. The opposition Tory party is not in favor of adopting the euro and thus giving up monetary sovereignty of the country. Public opinion is also divided on the issue. Whether the United Kingdom will eventually join the euro club is a matter of considerable importance for the future of the European Union as well as that of the United Kingdom. If the United Kingdom, with its sophisticated finance industry, joins, it will most certainly propel the euro into a global currency status rivaling the U. S. dollar. The United Kingdom for its part will firmly join the process of economic and political unionization of Europe, abandoning its traditional balancing role. Investigate the political, economic, and historical situations surrounding British participation in the European economic and monetary integration and write your own assessment of the prospect of Britain joining the euro club. In doing so, assess from the British perspective, among other things, (1) potential benefits and costs of adopting the euro, (2) economic and political constraints facing the country, and (3)the potential impact of British adoption of the euro on the international financial system, including the role of the U. We will write a custom essay sample on Pros and Cons of Uk Joining the European Union specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Pros and Cons of Uk Joining the European Union specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Pros and Cons of Uk Joining the European Union specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer S. dollar Answer: If UK adopts Euro it will have a Lower transaction costs for firms and consumers and a Greater certainty for firms as benefits but the cost would be the Loss of independent monetary policy, Loss of ability to depreciate currency in recession and No Lender of Last Resort. The main constraint would be that countries joining the Euro signed up initially to the fiscal stability pact which limited the scale of government borrowing to 3% of national income. The economics of monetary union suggests a better deal and wider choice for consumers because of intensified competition through increased trade. There should be greater investment by businesses because of the reduction of exchange rate risks and the likely reduction in the cost of capital through the integration of financial markets. There should also be greater efficiency in production through the exploitation of economies of scale. Growth should be higher through the consequent raising of the likely trend increase in capacity. Although there may be continued instability in some regional asset markets

The Tribute Money, Masaccio essays

The Tribute Money, Masaccio essays Masaccio was born around 1401 and represented a return to the Florentine style of Giotto following what was a brief revolt to this style in the immediate aftermath of the Black Death of 1348. Tribute Money, a fresco painted around 1427, as one of Masaccios later works, displays his full array of talents, including his enthusiasm for mathematics and geometry (shown by the building on the right in particular), and was a private commission for the Brancacci familys funerary Chapel in Florence. The image, part of a large fresco cycle, stands 255cm tall and 598cm wide, and has been restored a number of times over the years to make it the powerful and colourful image it now is. The painting is most commonly seen as a continuous narrative linked by the three figures of St. Peter, Christ and the tax collector, rather than an iconic image for example. The story of the image is taken from the Gospel of Matthew in the New Testament and the central part of the painting shows what happens when the tax collector asks Christ to pay his dues, which Christ refuses as a point of principle. To the left of the image as indicated by Jesus outstretched arm is Peter catching and opening the fish and finding the coin, and to the right as the tax collector points is Peter handing the coin, which is actually worth twice the required tax, to the tax collector. Throughout the image there are a number of classical features, as much adored by the Florentines at the time, such as the arches on the right, the robes fastened over one shoulder and perhaps more subtly the semi-circular arrangement of both Christ and his disciples, which is reminiscent of the ancient roman symposiums, as well as the circular nature of the story, as followed clockwise from the centre. The features of the characters in the image are to a large extent stylised, particularly the distinctly Romanesque profile of the disciple who appears twice ...

Right to life, Liberty and Pursuit of Happiness Essay

Right to life, Liberty and Pursuit of Happiness - Essay Example 1. Introduction. This paper highlights the various groups whose rights to life, pursuit of happiness, and liberty are breached. It describes these groups and provides a solution on how to ensure their rights are not breached. Theses Statement: In United States of America who still do not enjoy the right to liberty, life and pursuit to happiness, and they are gays and lesbians, death row convicts, and immigrants (Hispanics/ Latinos/ and African Americans). 11. Gay and Lesbians. Gays and Lesbians are discriminated upon in terms of their right to liberty and pursuit of happiness. This section looks at the defense marriage act of 1996, and how it affected the rights of the gay people. This section also looks at the efforts of the civil rights groups in protecting the interests of this vulnerable group. 111. Death Row Convicts. Death Row conflicts are denied the right to live. This section looks at the case laws that established the penalty, and the constitutional requirements. It depicts the ways of ensuring that this sentence is abolished in the member states of the Federation. IV. Hispanics/ Latinos/ African Americans These groups of people are discriminated upon in terms of employment and access to social facilities such as decent housing and education. This denies them the right to pursue happiness. It identifies the various ways of solving their problems, and ensuring that they are accepted within the society. V. Opposing View Points. It identifies the viewpoints of other researchers in relation to the groups of people whose rights to life, pursuit of happiness and liberty are breached. It identifies and explains the roles of the civil rights act of 1968, and the fair housing act in protecting the rights of these vulnerable people. VI. Counter Arguments. This section highlights my opinion concerning the observations of this group of people. VII. Conclusion. This part contains a summary of the main points addressed in the essay. Introduction The declaration of independence gives out the reasons as to why the people of North America sought independence from the British. The document was written by Thomas Jefferson, and it denotes that there are certain human rights which are not negotiable, and they include the right to liberty, pursuit of happiness, and the right to life (Jefferson and Sam, 31). The document further states that it is the duty of government to protect these rights, and failure to do so, people must overthrow the same government. In defending this assertion, the thirteen states of North America formed a constitution in 1787 that guaranteed these rights to its citizens. Despite advances in this area, there are other people in United States of America who still do not enjoy the right to liberty, life and pursuit to happiness, and they are gays and lesbians, death row convicts, and immigrants (Hispanics/ Latinos/ and African Americans). Gay and Lesbians Same sex marriages has experienced a lot of debate in United States of Ame rica, with some States enacting laws in recognition to the marriage, while others do not recognize such kind of a marriage. The American constitution under article IV, section 1, denotes that the Federal government has to respect the judicial proceedings and laws of the member states of the federation. Because of this clause, the United States Federal government recognizes various marriage practices conducted by the State governments, however in 1996, the United States Congress passed the defense of marriage act (Jefferson and Sam, 35). It gave the Federal government authority not to recognize same sex marriages, even if the marriage occurred in a State whose laws permit it. On this basis therefore, this law prevents people from enjoying their rights to liberty and pursuit to

Holocost audio reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Holocost audio reflection - Essay Example As far as I understood, she was a child, was separated from her parents and miraculously survived during the holocaust. Together with other survivors she is speaking all over the world about what happened, and I believe it is a great idea for new generations to know about this moment in the history, in order for such horrible thing not to happen again. I believe that the holocaust took place because of prejudice and hatred to the people of the Jewish nations. Nazis believed that they are superior nation and they separated all the people into so called levels, Jewish being at the lowest level, considered by them to be an inferior race. Killing of Jews was not sporadic, everything was planned and the system was well-tweaked. This is what amazes me the most. Thousands of German Nazis took part in it, and most likely they considered themselves to be right. Probably hundreds or thousands historical studies were conducted about the reasons for holocaust. And they are still going on. Such mass killing of one nation never happened in the history of the humanity, and many scientists want to understand what moved those people behind the holocaust. But whatever the reasons, I think this is the most horrible event in the history. When I listen to such accounts, as the one of this lady, or read books of survivors, my only thought is that this should never happen again. If we look at the present world we see hatred to other nations still going on. Taking the USA, for example, which is a multi-national country: people of different nations and religions live here. And though freedom and equal rights are claimed, we still see the hatred: the hatred of whites to blacks, and vice versa; the hatred of people of different religions to each other, claiming that only their faith is true, etc. The wars are still going on in our so called â€Å"civilized† world. Hundreds of people die every day in the 21st

Assignment #7 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Assignment #7 - Essay Example Under the given circumstances, it is torment for him as he finds it very difficult to take in the very idea of people in apparently advantageous situation laughing at their ill-fated counterparts. It seemed quite unfair and illogical to the naive little boy who had very fine sensibilities. Social acceptability was the major element that determined the manner in which a particular person was treated by others. In the perception of Acuna, the migrants were not acceptable as they were hardly clean. They lived out side the town keeping to the dirt roads and dust. They were compelled by their situation to remain aloof thus. Their poverty and displacement took away their sense of self-esteem and they knew they were being treated like implements. 2. The growers kept the migrant families apart because they wanted the families to fight against each other for jobs. By taking advantage of the desperate situation of the poor workers, the grower community tried to extract the maximum from each. One another tactic they resorted to was the practice of assigning the best crops to the fastest workers in the hope of generating professional rivalry among them, which would invariably result in enhanced quality of work. Acuna was very naive and ignorant of the mysterious ways of the world. Therefore, he did not realize the hideous aspect of the acts of his employers who deliberately attempted segregation among the families of the migrant community. 3. The social acceptance that came with the job is what prompted Acuna to take up the position of foreman. Besides the monetary benefits, his eagerness to make his parents proud of him counted significant in this move. 4. Acuna joined the Marines at the age of seventeen. It was immediately after he had his disillusionment as a foreman. He quit the job because the company refused to hike his wages though they increased the pay of those below him.

Comparison: John Donne and William Shakespeare

Comparison: John Donne and William Shakespeare In light of Shakespeare’s 450th anniversary a comment has been questioned about his sonnets relevance in today’s time. Many students arguing and questioning why it is relevant for Elizabethan sonnets to be studied in today’s literature. The question of how Shakespeare relates in todays times is always been asked and through this reflective essay I will demonstrate how and why it is relevant. I will be discussing in a number of paragraphs why it relates in todays time through the understanding of the theme, structure and the poetic techniques through the use of John Donne’s Holy Sonnet 10 and Shakespeare’s Sonnet 18. The themes of the poems draw on ideas of different types of power, including the power of religion and the power of the written word. Donne captures the power of belief flawlessly in his metaphors and personification of death. By Donne highlighting a person’s fear of death and playing on the idea a person’s soul can survive death; through this he successfully creates a powerful theme and a paradox of immortality. This theme can be seen throughout his poem for instance line 8: ‘rest their bones and soul’s delivery’. Donne’s theme s plays on the ideas of the role of death in a normal life. He portrays it as the way to break free from the troubles that accompany one lifetime. Donne may seem to be mocking or attacking death but he is in fact not but instead he opposes the normal idea that death is horrible which can be seen in line 2 â€Å"Mighty and dreadful, for, thou art not so.† These themes in sonnet 10 still relates to today’s time for many reason. Firstly, throughout the sonnet Donne gives the idea of life after death, or the fact that you will ‘break free’ after you die. These lines help relate to many religions that are still around in todays time. The thought of life after death has been a ‘hot topic’ in today’s time as it was in Donne’s time. This belief of your soul’s eternal life helps relate to countless people, since just like me people are afraid of death and believe in an eternal life after death. Sonnet 18 by Shakespeare focuses on the power of the written word and how the poem itself makes love eternal. In sonnet 18 Shakespeare emphasizes the idea that, when envisioned in a poem, love never dies: â€Å"So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see, so long lives this, and this gives life to thee† (lines 13 and 14). This sonnet relates to todays times, as many people including myself believe that love never dies. In the movie â€Å"The Noteb ook† the theme â€Å"love never dies† demonstrates itself well throughout it. With the idea of the two characters being in love from such a young age proves to me that love never dies which relates sonnet 18 in todays time through the use of movies. Both Donne and Shakespeare wrote and both used many necessary techniques of this form of poetry. Both poems consist with the use of quatrains and a couplet in a 14 line sonnet. In Donne’s Holy Sonnet 10 he used a rhyming scheme that is similar to a Petrarchan sonnet which is made up of 14 lines and a rhyme scheme. The rhyme scheme will usually goes ABBAABBA which is then usually followed by CDCDCD. However, in sonnet 10 Donne finishes it slightly differently. The sonnets last six lines are made up of CDDCAA and if you look carefully you can notice some different things happening. In line 13 the word â€Å"swell’st,† which rhythms with previous words â€Å"dwell† and â€Å"well.† Donne has just placed an extra rhyme which is known to be a bit strange. Donne has structured his poem in a way that would require you to pronounce certain words to make them rhyme. For instance you would have to pronounce the words form â€Å"eternally† and â€Å"di e† to â€Å"eternal-lie† just to make it rhyme. This can relate in today’s time through the use of music. For instance, a famous rapper named Eminem was able to rhyme the word orange to a number of other things that didn’t spell the way of a rhyme but instead through the use of the pronunciation a rhyme was made just like Donne in sonnet 10. Rap is great example of how these sonnets still relate to todays time as they both use the structure of rhyme. If you were to think of music in today’s time you would be able to notice that most artists would consist of a certain structure to their music to keep it flowing especially rhyming. The Holy Sonnet 10 also used the iambic pentameter to help assist with emphasizing particular words which are important. These especially occur at the beginning or ends of the sonnets lines. Sonnet 18 has structured their sonnet with the use of rhetorical questions. For instance, the first line of sonnet 18 â€Å"Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?† This line has used rhetorical question to improve the exaggerative language and comparisons which create the story and are common in most poetry. The rhyming in sonnet 18 contains an ABAB CDCD EFEF GG rhyme scheme. Voltas are also evident in sonnet 18as the author uses end stop lines to help enhance the system of control which helps strengthen the story. Shakespeare’s sonnet 18 successfully uses Iambic pentameter to create a feeling of obviousness as well as a peaceful sense. This structure is evident in today’s time. Just like Donne’s sonnet 10 the use of rhyme in music helps tell me that the structure of sonnets is still relevant to this day. There are a number of poetic techniques that can be found in Donne’s sonnet 10. Donne’s poem often uses alliteration to support in rhythm and rhyme which can be seen in line 4 and 6; â€Å"much pleasure then from thee much more must flow (line 6). Donne’s sonnet uses conceits throughout the sonnet as it proclaims that sleep and death are similar. The sonnet also uses personification of death to help express to the reader that death is not the end, and expectantly the reader will relate to it which then increases the theme of eternal life. The sonnet then uses an wide paradox about eternity as Donne submits that death does not kill but only puts you to sleep, this paradox helps improve and highlight the intended theme and story of the poem which is eternal life. These poetic techniques can still be seen in today’s times. For example in many children books the use of alliteration to help rhyme words can be seen. This can be seen in a famous author Dr Seuss who specialised in alliteration to ensure his poems would rhyme. This helps me realise that poetic techniques are still relevant today and are used to help develop young children’s brains. Shakespeare’s sonnet uses various amounts of poetic techniques. Firstly the use of alliteration can be seen in lines 7; â€Å"And ever fair from fair sometimes declines†. Which helps keep a sense of rhythm and rhyme in Shakespeare’s sonnet. Just like Donne’s poem Shakespeare also uses conceits in his sonnet which can be seen when he compares a person to a summer’s day. Shakespeare also uses hyperboles throughout his poem which helps exaggerate and highlight the comparisons of his friend or lover to nature. Shakespeare’s 450th anniversary has raised many question of why it is still relevant in today’s time. In this reflective essay I have discussed why it is still relevant in today’s time through the use of theme, structure and poetic techniques. I have discussed how themes are still relevant in today’s time through the use of movies and how structure and poetic techniques can be seen in music and books. I believe it is still relevant in today’s time through all the present day things that require and use these ancient techniques. Life: A Fusion Of Pleasure And Pain Life: A Fusion Of Pleasure And Pain A mixture of happiness and sorrow; a beautiful blending of light and dark. Human existence is comprised of an interweaving web of joy and despair; a web from which we cannot escape. Many of the works that we have read in class reflect on this fusion that we call life. Maurice Blanchot adequately summarizes the essence of human existence as quoted from The Infinite Conversation: The man of the world lives in nuance and by degrees, he lives in a mixture of light and shadow, in confused enchantment or irresolute mediocrity: in the middle. Tragic man lives in the extreme tension between contraries, going from a yes and no confusedly merged back to a yes and a no that are clear and clearly preserved in their opposition. He does not see man as a passable mixture of middling qualities and honest failings, but as an endurable meeting of extreme grandeur and extreme destitution, an incongruous nothingness in which the two infinities collide.1 Essentially, ambivalence defines our life: the tragic world. Humans are unique in the fact that we can be wounded, not merely in the physical sense, but in the reality that someone or something can shatter our integrity. Georges Bataille states that man differs from animal in that he is able to experience certain sensations that wound him and melt him to the core. 2 This undeniable reality is what makes us susceptible to the ambivalence of life; the certainty that emotional suffering can be inflicted onto us by others. In Madame Edwarda, Georges Bataille ironically refers to the prostitutes vagina as a wound; 3 inferring the fusion of pleasure and pain for the narrator. At first glance, one might think that her wound should bring nothing but sexual pleasure to the narrator, however her wound ultimately causes him emotional distress in many ways. Madame Edwarda identifies herself as God, drawing the narrator further into her seductive hypnotism. By presenting the concept of God in the form of an attractive, yet tainted prostitute, Bataille addresses the sacreds irresistible nature, with her mixture of attraction and terror. As Madame Edwarda is standing under the Porte Saint-Denis, the narrator is watching from a distance (as she is losing her mind.) He soon accepts the fact that She had not lied, that She was GOD. 4 This scene could also be viewed as Madame Edwarda playing the role of God and guarding the gates of heaven. The narrators clear apprehension when approaching her hints at his fear of entering into Purgatory and receiving his Final Judgment. Underneath the arch, he is consumed with emptiness and accepts any suffering that he might endure. The narrator lusts for her secret 5 so much that he would tolerate any amount of pain to receive answers and obtain the truth. These frightened, yet hopeful emotions that the narrator experiences are caused by Madame Edwarda and her wound; the same character who had previously provided him with incredible sexual pleasure. It can therefore be said that Madame Edwarda symbolizes our ambivalent life: an opposing balance of pain and pleasure. Sigmund Freud also explores the idea of human life as a fusion of happiness and sorrow in his essay called The Uncanny. Uncanny is the English translation of the German word unheimlich, which is the main focus of this essay. Freud provides the definition of unheimlich in 8 different languages, thoroughly demonstrating the contradictory meaning of the word. He summarizes these descriptions stating: the word heimlich is not unambiguous, but belongs to two sets of ideason one hand it means what is familiar and agreeable, and on the other, what is concealed and kept out of sight [..uncomfortable]. 6 Investigating this definition further, it is simple to see how an uncanny experience can evoke both pleasure and pain. A pleasant experience is one that is familiar and agreeable, and humans strive to keep painful experience out of sight and out of mind [a function of the pleasure principle]. Since the uncanny is that which is unfamiliar on the grounds that it is too familiar, it is fair to say that an uncanny experience evokes both pain [in the eeriness of the given situation] and pleasure [feelings of familiarity and homeyness] to whoever is experiencing it. Freud believed that the ego employs defense mechanisms when threatened, including the repression of painful memories deep into the unconscious mind. The uncanny is basically a defense mechanism that unconsciously reminds us of our own id, our forbidden and thus repressed impulses that are kept out of sight because our super-ego perceives them to be threatening. 7 The reemergence of these repressed memories are those experiences which we deem as uncanny. Freud further describes the idea of the uncanny as a defense mechanism by stating: ..[the] uncanny is in reality nothing new or alien, but something which is familiar and old-established in the mind and which has become alienated from it only through the process of repression. 8 As suggested by this quote, the uncanny is an example of a situation in which the pleasure principle cannot adequately cope because it is fails to keep repressed impulses out of our conscious. This quote also relates back to Freuds theory of human drives which were discussed in another Freudian work that we studied called Beyond the Pleasure Principle. In this essay, Freud reevaluates his prior theoretical beliefs regarding his theory of human drives. Previously, he had proposed that the human psyche could be divided into three parts: the id, the superego, and the ego. He defined the id as the impulsive portion that operates on the pleasure principle; the superego as the moral component; and the ego as the rational balance between the superego and the id. Freud suggests that the pleasure principle is deficient because of the general compulsion to repeat. This compulsion to repeat un-pleasurable experiences explains why traumatic nightmares occur in dreams.9 He argues that the unconscious repeats undesirable experiences in order to desensitize the body. Using this thought process, Freud proposed his new theory, stating that humans are driven by two conflicting central desires: the life drive and the death drive. The life drive is concerned with preserving life by seeking pleasure and avoiding pain. Contrastingly, the death drive is the instinctual desire in all living things to return to a lower state that existed before we were born. Freud reasons that all living organisms want to be dead because theoretically we were all dead before we were alive. He explains how human drives consist of a balance between pleasure [life drive] and pain [death drive] when he states: It is plain that most of what is revived by the repetition-compulsion cannot but bring discomfort to the ego, for it promotes the bringing to light of the activities of repressed impulses; but that is a discomfort we have already taken into account and without subversion of the pleasure-principle, since it is pain in respect of one system and at the same time satisfaction for the other. 10 As summarized by this quote, every experience or stimulus that we encounter is providing satisfaction for one drive while simultaneously inducing discomfort on the other. Thus reiterating the belief that our life consists of an intricate blending of pain and pleasure. On page 24 of Beyond the Pleasure Principle, Freud states further comments on this theory by saying that the repetition-compulsion [death drive] and direct pleasurable satisfaction [life drive] seem to be inextricably intertwined. As indicated by this quote, it is impossible to have one impulse without the other because they exist concurrently. Freud firmly believed that the life and death drives of our mind are locked in an eternal battle; thereby insinuating that our human existence is comprised of a mixture of pain and pleasure. In his preface to Madame Edwarda, Georges Bataille nicely sums up this common theme seen throughout various works we have studied: A combination of both conditions [pleasure and pain] leads us to entertain a picture of mankind as is ought to be, and in that picture man appears at no less great a remove from extreme pleasure as from extreme pain.. 11 It is easy to recognize the ambivalent nature of our existence. Pain and pleasure intertwine in unpredictable relations throughout the discourse of this human lifetime. One could not exist without the presence of the other. This fusion of pleasure and pain is referred to as life. Notes 1. Maurice Blanchot, The Infinite Conversation. (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1999), 99 2. Georges Bataille, Madame Edwarda. (New York: Marion Boyars, 2003),140 3. Bataille, 150 4. Bataille, 152 5. Bataille, 153 6. Sigmund Freud, The Uncanny. 224-25 7. Wikipedia. The Uncanny. Last modified October 21, 2010. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncanny 8. Freud, 241 9. Wikipedia. Sigmund Freud. Last modified October 23, 2010. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud 10. Sigmund Freud, Beyond the Pleasure Principle. (Mansfield Centre: Martino Publishing, 2010), 20 11. Bataille, 137 Agriculture industry: Development of country Agriculture industry: Development of country Agriculture is a very important industry to every country; most countries start with agriculture before further economic development. Agriculture as it provides the resources for; the basis basic of human beingshomo sapient livelihoods, environmental protection, economic activities and further developments. In most countries, agriculture has been at the fore front of economic development. Agriculture seems to have begun around 10,000 BC in China As (Ali, 2009) Shamsavari stated in his lecture notes of Agriculture and Economic Development page 1, especially in China, agriculture has a long history of supporting human life and dynasties growth. To discuss the contribution of the agriculture industry towards development of a developing countryLEDC, we first have tlo clarify the definition of agriculture. Therefore, in the essay, the first paragraph will be used to explain the industry, its components and its features to give a whole picture of the concept of agriculture. This will be followed by the industrys major contributions to the developments of China such as surplus of food, reproduction of food, greater division of labour and its influences to economic development; problems that arise, such as Urban Bias will be examined after that; prospect of Chinas agriculture industry will also be discussed and followed by a summary of the essay in the last paragraph. Different from the early stage of production systems, agriculture alloweds humans to grow food before they needed it, instead of hunting and searching for it only when they are were hungry. Agriculture composes of farming and growing crops, like wheat, millet and rice; keeping animals, such as chickens, sheep and cattle; Fishing, which provides seafood; logging, providinges wood for furniture, paper and construction and finally;; Growing flowers and plants for household consumption, such as gardening and festival related purposes. Agriculture is the second of the three stages of production systems, it has two main features: surplus of food and reproduction of food of social. Both of them contribute to the development of a country and will be discussed later in specific to the Chinas development. As mentioned before, agriculture has two main features of providing surplus of food and reproduction of crops for future. Agriculture helps humans to create food which is more thanbeyond their needs. A surplus of food released some of the workers from the agriculture industry into other sectors, such as manufacturing, industrial and intellectual activities. In China, the surplus of food from agriculture made her become one of the early civilization countries. Some inventions such as gunpowder, compass, paper and printing had been achieved and improvements of farming technology had been made during civilization. People in China started to use iron tools and cows to help farming. Before that, tools were made of wood or stone and human labour iswas required to pull ploughs. After the invention of iron tools, cows are were replaced to work with iron ploughs and enlarge farming spaces in a shorter period of time. The surplus of food from agriculture not only feeds all the workers in China, it even provides seeds or baby animals for reproduction of food. People in the country no longer hunt and search for food only when they are hungry, instead they stock food and plan for their future by delaying their consumption of it, such as keeping baby animals instead of eating them straight away so that they can reproduce and more can be consumed later. A greater division of labour was another result of the agriculture industry. The increase of in division of labour is vital for the further increases of in productivity, and thus it becomes a basis for modern development. Contributions brought by agriculture to the economic development including include three aspectsadvances: agriculture as an economic activities activity or an industry, as a livelihood and as a provider of environmental services according to the World Bank of 2008. The agriculture industry helps to enlarge the consumption market by making people become consumers for goods. Farmers, fishermen and butchers do not just consume their own product to survive,survive; they also have demand on for other goods, which makes them becomemakes them a consumer of in the market and have contribution a contributor to the industriesy development. For example, a Chinese lady working as a raw silk washing lady would like to buy food and cosmetics in the market as welltoo. Besides consumption, they are suppliers for those industries at the same time. Farmers supply raw materials, textiles and food; fishermen supply seafood; butchers supply meat and leather for industries to function. Agriculture also ac ted as a basis for providing factors of production to different industries, these input factors included labour, land and capital. For example, around 100 to 200 AD, Chinese people started an industry to produce ceramics. Llike other industries, to get workers to work in the industryobtain workers, China needs needed to have a surplus of food in order to allow some workers from the agriculture agriculture industry to join the ceramics industry, (known aswhich is the labour). To start their production, they needed a piece of land for the manufacturing process to take place. By cutting down forest, land could be used to develop an industry. According to Irving Fisher, capital refers to any productive asset capable of generating a stream of future services or income. Kilns and clay are both the capital of the industry.Apart from domestic industries, agriculture also supported trade between China and the rest of the world. Export of agriculture products brought foreign exchange into Chi na and allowed her to spend on imports, international trades with other countries fasten speed up Chinas economic and technology growth.Lots of people in the world depends on agriculture as a livelihood, not only producing food for survive, but also acted as a security base. Recently, many people in Guangdong province returned to their farming industry after they lost their job in exports field during the financial crisis in 2008. The Aagriculture industry can also be good for the environment in a few ways: it helped to create varieties of produce and the economic prosperity that brought by the agriculture also helps to save the endangered animals, like the giant pandas in China. 40 giant pandas were reserved in China in 2006 due to increase in knowledge and resources in saving pandas. Urban Bias is a theory by Michael Lipton in 1977. The theory brought up the idea of that the agriculture industry had relatively less influence and received less resourcesfewer resources when the leading group of that country is deciding policies to improve peoplepeoples welfare. The reason behind behind this is the lack of knowledge to the industry of the leading power. Normally, leaders in of a country lived in urban areas which wereis far away from the rural areasplace that where agriculture took place. Due to insufficient contact with the industry, when leaders have to decide country matters like resource allocation, tax payment and people welfare, they tends to pay put less attention on the agriculture industry. Inefficiency in allocating resources and widen ther income gaps between the rich and the poor are the results of urban bias. According to figure 1 in the appendix, countries public spending on agriculture industry and the industries share of their GDP are not directly an d proportionally related. And according to figure 9.1,Todaro and Smith (2009, p, 434), it explained that urban bias can widen the world divergence between the rich and the poor. Agriculture industry in China is expected to be more efficient in two ways: little labour capital involved and an increase in output due to efficient use of machinery. According to figure 9.1, the diagram showed that as a country develops, less human labour will be involved in the industry as the GDP per capita rises. Figure 9.2, a diagram showing cereal yields by different countries in the world, using cereal as an example and explaining the output from developed countries are more than that of developing countries. According to many economists, China will take over United States and become the next strongest economy in the near future. If the prediction of these economists is correct, China will soon become a developed country and hence their product yield from agriculture will increase significantly as illustrated in figure 9.2. Agriculture is vital to the development of most of the countries, especially to China. The influences of agriculturiale industry to on Chinas development are not just economically, but also on Chinese morale, principles of Chinese medicines and Chinas politics, etc. Even though it has lots of contributions to the countrys development, problems aroused should not be ignored. The history of China had shown us the importance of agriculture as well as the destructiveness from the problems aroused.

Satellite Surveillance Essay -- Satellites Weapons Technology Essays

Satellite Surveillance I. Preface My interest in satellite surveillance did not really appear to after I saw the movie "Enemy of the State" in 1998. The synopsis of the movie is: Robert Dean (Will Smith) is a labor lawyer who is unknowingly in possession of evidence related to a serious politically motivated crime. Government agents eager to hide their guilt believe that Dean is on to them, and proceed to turn his life upside-down, ruin his reputation, and frame him for various incidents, thanks to the latest in high-tech government surveillance techniques. In an attempt to clear his name and reclaim his life, Dean teams up with the reclusive Brill (Gene Hackman), a former federal employee who has as much high-tech equipment and expertise as the government itself. Smith scores as a man who is desperate to reclaim his identity and prove his innocence. This intense technological thrill-ride from director Tony Scott questions how much access the government should have to the communications of private citizens, and leave s the viewer with the unsettling feeling that Big Brother is definitely watching. After this movie I was amazed that we have the capability in our hands to do this. I have two scenes from the movie that show the technology at work. II. Introduction A powerful worldwide surveillance system is being built up and the world is being watched. Spy satellites are orbiting the earth, those are the eyes in the sky, and millions of video cameras and other sensors are scattered on the earth, the eyes and ears on the ground. The computer networks are continually growing, the brians of the system. Implantable microchips with miniature digital transceivers are attached to many objects and animals, and lately to some hu... ...tion-en.html> (31 October 2003) ACLU, "ACLU Urges Congress to Investigate ECHELON Surveillance System," <http://archive.aclu.org/congress/lg040699a.html> (06 April 1999) MTC ONLINE, " Reports of Current Experimentation with Microwave and EM Weapons," <http://www.heart7.net/mcf/1.html> (10 August 2003) "Directed Energy Weapons," <http://www.rhfweb.com/hweb/shared2/usexist.html#Directed%20Energy%20Weapons> (2001) Hi-Tech Methods, "Technology of control," <http://members.tripod.com/%7Emdars/1/war2.htm> "The Microwave Syndrome," <http://www.grn.es/electropolucio/omega287.htm> (20 September 2003) Duncan Cambell, "Inside Echelon," Inside Echelon.pdf, 25 July 2000 European Parliment, "Echelon Interception System," Report.pdf, 11 July 2001 Patrick S. Poole, "ECHELON: America's Secret Global Surveillance Network," Echelon.pdf, 2000

Quality of Primary Education in India Essay

Education in India is provided by the public sector as well as the private sector, with control and funding coming from three levels: central,state, and local. Taxila was the earliest recorded centre of higher learning in India from at least 5th century BCE and it is debatable whether it could be regarded a university or not. The Nalanda University was the oldest university-system of education in the world in the modern sense of university. Western education became ingrained into Indian society with the establishment of the British Raj. Education in India falls under the control of both the Union Government and the states, with some responsibilities lying with the Union and the states having autonomy for others. The various articles of the Indian Constitution provide for education as a fundamental right. Most universities in India are controlled by the Union or the State Government. India has made progress in terms of increasing primary education attendance rate and expanding literacy to approximately two thirds of the population. [3] India’s improved education system is often cited as one of the main contributors to the economic rise of India. [4] Much of the progress, especially in higher education and scientific research, has been credited to various public institutions. The private education market in India is merely 5%[ although in terms of value is estimated to be worth $40 billion in 2008 and will increase to $68–70 billion by 2012. However, India continues to face stern challenges. Despite growing investment in education, 25% of its population is still illiterate; only 15% of Indian students reach high school, and just 7% graduate. The quality of education whether at primary or higher education is significantly poor as compared with major developing nations. As of 2008, India’s post-secondary institutions offer only enough seats for 7% of India’s college-age population, 25% of teaching positions nationwide are vacant, and 57% of college professors lack either a master’s or PhD degree As of 2011, there are 1522 degree-granting engineering colleges in India with an annual student intake of 582,000, plus 1,244 polytechnics with an annual intake of 265,000. However, these institutions face shortage of faculty and concerns have been raised over the quality of education. [9] In India education system is not based on pure merit, but its based on caste based reservations. In universities/Colleges/Institutions affiliated to federal government there is minimum 50% of reservations applicable to various castes. At state level it varies. State of Andhra Pradesh has 83. 33% of reservations as on 2012 ,which is highest percentage of reservations in India. So the state is popularly known as the state that killed merit. PRIMARY EDUCATION SYSTEM IN INDIA The Indian government lays emphasis to primary education up to the age of fourteen years (referred to as Elementary Education in India. ) The Indian government has also banned child labour in order to ensure that the children do not enter unsafe working conditions. However, both free education and the ban on child labour are difficult to enforce due to economic disparity and social conditions. 80% of all recognized schools at the Elementary Stage are government run or supported, making it the largest provider of education in the Country. [pic] However, due to shortage of resources and lack of political will, this system suffers from massive gaps including high pupil to teacher ratios, shortage of infrastructure and poor levels of teacher training. Figures released by the Indian government in 2011 show that there were 5,816,673 elementary school teachers in India. As of March 2012 there were 2,127,000 secondary school teachers in India. Education has also been made free] for children for 6 to 14 years of age or up to class VIII under the Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act 2009. There have been several efforts to enhance quality made by the government. The District Education Revitalization Programme (DERP) was launched in 1994 with an aim to universalize primary education in India by reforming and vitalizing the existing primary education system. 85% of the DERP was funded by the central government and the remaining 15 percent was funded by the state The DERP, which had opened 160000 new schools including 84000 alternative education schools delivering alternative education to approximately 3. 5 million children, was also supported by UNICEF and other international programmes. This primary education scheme has also shown a high Gross Enrollment Ratio of 93–95% for the last three years in some states. Significant improvement in staffing and enrollment of girls has also been made as a part of this scheme. The current scheme for universalization of Education for All is the Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan which is one of the largest education initiatives in the world. Enrollment has been enhanced, but the levels of quality remain low. CONCERNS FOR QUALITY EDUCATION As far as the provision of access and coverage is concerned, India today boasts of its educational system being the second largest in the world. It consists of nearly 610 thousand primary and 185 thousand upper primary schools, about a quarter million nonformal education centers, about 1. 87 million teachers and 110 million students study in primary classes in the recognized schools (1997-98). As per 1991 Census estimates there were about 115. 6 million children in primary school going age group in the country2. The latest educational statistics indicate a GER of 89. 7 percent for primary classes (81. 2 percent being for girls and 97. 7 percent for boys). 3 . The number of students in primary  classes in India is larger than the total population of the neighboring Bangladesh THE STATE OF QUALITY OF PRIMARY EDUCATION IN INDIA The key concern about education, in any formal educational system, of all time, has been its quality. Every stake holder, direct or indirect, of education is concerned about its quality. Guardians or parents, irrespective of their socio-economic status, want to educate their children with best quality education which would add better value to the degrees their wards acquire subject to the budget constraints. But what do we mean by ‘quality education? How this quality is being assessed? What is the status of the quality of education in India? This paper seeks to focus on these issues with respect to the quality of primary education in India. There is no universally accepted definition for ‘quality of education’. In education, perception of quality is around students (Mukhopadhyay, 2001). The performance of the students like examination results, learning achievements, ability to apply learned knowledge in practical life– exhibit the quality of an education. For some, â€Å"Quality of education† means value addition in education (Feigenbaum 1951); excellence in education (Peters and Waterman 1982); for others, fitness of education outcomes and experience for use (Juran and Gryna 1988). For a society, â€Å"excellence† and â€Å"value† are most appropriate indicators for quality education. A generally accepted definition of quality education does not exist and different end users adopt different criteria for determining the quality of education. In this study we measure the quality of primary education on the basis of student learning achievement (i. e. , ability of read, write and do mathematics). PRIMARY EDUCATION :UNIVERSILITY VS QUALITY: The universal declaration of human rights (1948) considered primary education as the basic human right of all people. Accordingly, all nations prioritized universal access to education. The developed and developing countries have attained universal or near universal access to primary education. Now the focus is on the quality of student learning. The quality concern is not uniform across the nations. The developing and poor nations are still striving for expansion of educational access. It has been established that access to education and its quality are not sequential  elements. At the sub-regional meeting of South Asian Ministers in Katmandu in April 2001, quality education was unanimously identified as a priority area. All participants were in agreement that there was an urgency to develop the quality of education to meet the intermediate target and education for all by 2015. Because how well pupil are taught and how much they learn can have a crucial impact on how long they stay in school and how regularly they attend. Further whether parents send their children to school at all is likely to depend on the judgment they make about the quality of teaching and learning. Based on this perception parents decide whether attending school is worth the time and cost for their children and for themselves. The World Bank (1997) suggested that ‘the best way to improve access is to improve quality which would make coming to school or staying in school a more attractive option from the perspective of parents as well as children. Moreover, efforts to improve quality will tend to increase the efficiency of the public expenditure and will encourage parents to contribute children education’. In the year 1950, when the Constitution of India was adopted, education was recognized as a basic individual right. Directive Principles of State Policy, Article 45, states that â€Å"the state shall endeavour to provide within a period of ten years from the commencement of this Constitution, for free and compulsory education for all children until they complete the age of fourteen years† (The Constitution of India). In line with the commitment of the country to provide elementary education to all children, educational facilities have got tremendously expanded during the post independence period, especially in primary stage. The number of primary school in India has increased from 2. 2 lakhs in 1950-51 to nearly 7 lakhs in 2004-05. In addition, there are at present nearly 3 lakhs non-formal education centres providing primary level education to out-of-school children in the age group 9 to 14. This expansion has definitely helped in making primary level education more easily accessible to a large section of children. As a result, the illiteracy rate and drop-out rate at school stage have come down. The national literacy rate has increased from 52. 21 per cent in 1991 to 64. 84 per cent in 2001. The drop-out rate has also declined from 64. 9 per cent in 1960-61 to 29 per cent in 2004-2005. Although the literacy  rates for both males and females have increased, the latter still continues to lag behind the former. However, there has been a narrowing of the male-female gap in literacy from 24. 8 percentage point in 1991 to 21. 7 percentage point in 2001(Selected Educational Statistics 2004-05). Primary education is the first stage of formal education. The main objective of quality primary education is to inculcate basic knowledge about reading, writing and arithmetic among the children. It is expected that after the successful completion of the primary level of education, a pupil should be able to read, write, and solve simple arithmetic problem. A study conducted by the Teamlease Services has revealed a very disappointing scenario of primary education in India. The study was conducted in primary schools in all the States of India (excluding Union Territories, Mizoram, Sikkim) to measure the learning achievement (quality) of students in language and mathematics. This study found that in India after completion of primary level education, 11 per cent student were not able to recognize anything, 14. 1 per cent can recognize only letters, 14. 9 per cent can read a word, 17 per cent can read a paragraph of a story and only 42. 8 per cent can read the complete story (Table 1). School Children who can read-standard-wise (IV) (in per cent) |State |Nothing |Letters |Word |One-Para of the |Complete story | | | | | |story | | |Andhra Pradesh |8. 8 |10. 5 |15. 6 |17. 7 |47. 35 | |Arunachal Pradesh |7. 2 |13. 5 |21. 6 |13. 3 |44. 4 | |Assam |10. 8 |15. 5 |20. 2 |21. 2 |32. 3 | |Bihar |14. 9 |15. 2 |12. 8 |14. 8 |42. 3 | |Goa |6 |6. 1 |12. 9 |24. 2 |56. 2 | |Gujarat |7. 2 |12. 4 |18. 9 |18. 6 |42. 9 | |Haryana |8. 5 |12. 1 |12. 7 |16. 1 |50. 7 | |Himachal Pradesh |3. 5 |14. 9 |11. 8 |14. 5 |55. 35 | |Jammu & Kashmir |3. 4 |10. 2 |26. 5 |20. 8 |39. 1 | |Karnataka |5. 4 |12. 1 |17. 7 |19. 0 |45. 9 | |Kerala |3. 2 |3. 7 |10. 7 |11. 3 |71. 1 | |Madhya Pradesh |15. 7 |15. 3 |15. 5 |17. 1 |36. 5 | |Maharashtra |7 |12. 1 |13. 0 |17. 4 |50. 45 | |Manipur |10. 6 |10. 7 |18. 7 |15. 7 |44. 4 | |Meghalaya |9 |8. 9 |22. 0 |8. 9 |59. 5 | |Nagaland |3. 1 |16. 5 |21. 7 |255. 6 |33. 2 | |Orissa |12. 4 |15. 0 |13. 5 |15. 05 |44. 2 | |Punjab |8. 9 |15. 3 |15. 1 |17. 85 |42. 8 | |Rajasthan |15. 8 |13. 2 |12. 7 |14. 95 |43. 6 | |Tamil Nadu |10. 3 |11. 4 |17. 5 |17. 3 |43. 6 | |Tripura |1. 0 |7. 3 |11. 7 |16. 8 |63. 4 | |Utter Pradesh |16. 8 |19. 2 |14. 6 |14. 8 |34. 6 | |West Bengal |4. 3 |12. 3 |13. 8 |24. 6 |44. 9 | |Chhattisgarh |7. 3 |16. 0 |15. 0 |15. 5 |46. 4 | |Jharkhand |13. 8 |16. 9 |15. 5 |15. 4 |38. 5 | |Uttaranchal |6. 8 |13. 0 |11. 2 |13. 3 |55. 7 | |All India |11. 0 |14. 1 |14. 9 |17. 0 |42. 8 | Source: India Labour Report 2007 The condition of students learning achievement (quality) is extremely poor in mathematics compare to language. This study found that after the successful completion of the primary level education, 18. 6 per cent children could not recognize the numbers, 26. 7 per cent children can recognize the numbers but not able to do addition or subtraction, 23. 9 per cent children only can do subtraction, and only 30. 7 per cent children can do addition, subtraction as well as division. Table 2 contains data relating to mathematical learning achievement (quality) in all Indian states. IMPROVING QUALITY OF PRIMARY EDUCATION For improving quality, the concerned authorities need to emphasis on the following issues,Early childhood education is extremely important and must be universalized. Aelevant curriculum. Accurate assessment of learning outcomes. Participatory management of education system. Engaging local communities,. Using ICT in teaching learning process Training of teachers and administrators of ICT. ,District Institute of Education and Training (DIETs) and State Council of Educational Research and Training (SCERT) need to be more strengthened and undergo structural changes. ,Establishment of a National Primary Education Assessment system like National Assessment and Accreditation Council (NAAC) for Higher education. ,Strengthening the teacher training institution. Reform in examination system. Proficiency in English is widely perceived as an important avenue for employment and upward knowledge, which also greatly facilitates the pursuit of higher education. English should be incorporated into the curriculum of primary schools as a language subject. CONCLUSION It appears from the empirical study that quality of primary education has been compromised for its universality in India. Operation Black Board, District Primary Education Project, National Literacy Programme, Sarvha Shiksha Abhiyan—all aim at universalizing. It is time that the nation pays heed to the quality dimension. As it has already been pointed out, quality indirectly helps in making the quantity. As a result, quality improvement programmes need to be devised for all levels—national, state and district.

One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest and The Shawshank Redemption Essays

One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest and The Shawshank Redemption Essays One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest and The Shawshank Redemption Paper One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest and The Shawshank Redemption Paper Essay Topic: The Shawshank Redemption Contrasts in characterisation are employed throughout Kesey’s One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest and Darabont’s The Shawshank Redemption to explore key ideas, as well as fundamental themes of confinement, oppression, and sacrifice. Contrast in characterisation is plainly evident between the protagonists and antagonists of the respective texts, but perhaps more specifically in the contrast that occurs as each author develops their narrators; Kesey’s ‘Bromden’ and Darabont’s ‘Red’. Both narrators experience a profound transformation, which becomes clear when contrasting their characters at the beginning to that of the end of the two texts. Bromden’s mental illness is prominent within the first half of Kesey’s text, but towards the completion of the novel has transformed to a condition of psychological strength with a heightened appreciation for life. Both authors rely heavily on their protagonists in order to provide the inspiration for this change. Kesey makes use of imagery and symbolism, to explore the idea that individuality is a powerful motivator. Darabont utilises a similar catalyst for change as well as repetition; yet as a visual text, he also employs light and sound effects to explore the idea that a leader is a provider of hope. Red is unwittingly influenced by protagonist Andy Dufresne. Prior to Dufresne’s arrival, Red is presented as both cynical and dry, an institutionalised man unwilling to waste energy on hope; yet finds ‘salvation from within’ in the closing stages of The Shawshank Redemption. Kesey and Darabont use contrasts to explore core themes and ideologies, whilst invoking the audience’s sense of independence and faith. In both texts, the narrators embody changes that gradually augment the reader’s understanding of the resultant effects of oppression. Kesey’s narrator, Bromden, describes the oppression associated with ward life through the use of simile to depict its mechanical nature and lack of individuality. This absence of humanity is the philosophy of Nurse Ratched, a domineering antagonist intent on creating a pure and pallid world for the ‘treatment’ of her patients. ‘The Big Nurse tends to get real put out if something keeps her outfit from running like a smooth, accurate, precision-made machine†¦. ’ However, this routine of maintaining order is shattered upon protagonist, Randall McMurphy’s, committal to the ward. This arrival of individuality instantly brings a vibrant atmosphere to the whitewashed walls of Ratched’s ward. A similar change is evident in The Shawshank Redemption where Darabont utilises voiceovers to convey Red’s initial perception of protagonist, Andy Dufresne, ‘He had a quiet way about him, a walk and a talk that just wasnt normal around here’. The transformation in both Bromden’s and Red’s character is not immediately apparent. Weeks pass before ‘the fog’, symbolic of Bromden’s mental illness begins to clear; and similarly Red remains fearful for years about the likely damage of false hope. Darabont conveys Red’s aversion towards the notion of hope through the use of repetition, ‘Hope? Let me tell you something, my friend. Hope is a dangerous thing. Hope can drive a man insane. It’s got no use on the inside. You better get used to that idea’. Kesey and Darabont both ensure that there is a prolonged contrast in the characterisation of their central characters, allowing the audience to appreciate the subtle but increasing influence over time that the two protagonists have on the narrators. Darabont relies on the use of his narrator, Red, similar to Kesey’s use of Bromden; primarily to explore fundamental ideas and themes of confinement and sacrifice. The audience grapples with the cruel nature of confinement based on Red’s recounts of his and Dufresne’s experiences in Shawshank prison. Additionally, it is conceded by Darabont that Red’s blatant rejection of hope is indicative of Shawshank Prison’s institutionalising effect, ‘These walls are funny, first you hate them, then you start to get used to them. Eventually it gets so you rely on them. That’s institutionalised. ’ Dufresne unintentionally influences Red’s change in persona, which is quite unlike McMurphy’s extroverted behaviour in Kesey’s novel, ‘Nobody’s sure if this barrel-chested man with the scar and the wild grin is play-acting or if he’s crazy enough to be just like he talks†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢. Dufresne provides the inmates, but particularly Red, with hope through scenes where he sacrifices himself for the benefit of others; these include the roof tarring and phonograph incidents. Bright lighting is used as a focal element in order to demonstrate a contrasting, optimistic atmosphere; reflective of the changes occurring within Red. Likewise, McMurphy alters Bromden by demonstrating what true sacrifice is when he undergoes repeated Electro Shock Therapy sessions; allowing Kesey to explore imagery and symbolism associated with the biblical allusion, ‘wearing a crown of thorns’. Both authors present their respective premises successfully through the narrators’ contrast in characterisation, whilst presenting a common belief that freedom requires sacrifice. The pronounced transformation in the narrators is demonstrated through techniques unique to the respective texts, as well as the distinct use of contrasts. Melodic music creates a buoyant atmosphere in the closing scene of The Shawshank Redemption, with the culmination in contrast of Red’s character. The use of repetition is once again featured in order to demonstrate Dufresne’s effect on Red, specifically his newfound ability to hope, ‘I hope I can make it across the border. I hope to see my friend, and shake his hand. I hope the Pacific is as blue as it has been in my dreams. I hope’. Similarly, by the completion of One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest, Kesey makes it clear, through the use of a cliched simile, that McMurphy’s flair for instilling self worth has allowed Bromden to truly live again, and escape the daily drudgery of ward life, â€Å"I felt like I was flying. Free. Nobody bothers coming after an AWOL, I knew†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Contrasting Bromden’s character from beginning to the end of One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest allows the audience to examine Kesey’s idea that individuality is a powerful motivator. Darabont’s ideology that a leader is a provider of hope is portrayed through repetition, sound effects, and the contrast in Red’s character. Kesey and Darabont both present their respective ideas through contrast in characterisation, yet in very different ways. This disparity is primarily due to the difference in text types; resulting in Kesey’s reliance on the literary techniques of imagery and symbolism, and Darabont’s deliberate use of light and sound. Though the narrators are of critical importance in portraying their own transformations, the protagonists instigate the change and consequently develop the author’s ideologies with equal significance. One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest and The Shawshank Redemption share a vast number of similarities in relation to their themes, whilst depicting divergent meaning due to the differing ideologies of the respective authors. Kesey’s and Darabont’s use of contrasts within the narrators supports the ideas present within the texts; allowing the audience to formulate their own beliefs about the importance of individuality and hope.

Essay Three Cases of Union Breaking in Us

Essay Three Cases of Union Breaking in Us Essay Three Cases of Union Breaking in Us Journalism 513 Edward Connolly The Legacy of Three Union Busting Milestone Events in the United States This paper will discuss three major unionized labor- ­Ã¢â‚¬ management disputes in the U.S.; the goals of each action (strike or other action); the significant individuals involved in breaking the unions involved; the public attitude of the times; and the aftermath of those union- ­Ã¢â‚¬ management disputes in terms of their effect on union growth and progress. The strikes and the strike breakers: First – Andrew Carnegie and the Homestead steel strike of 1892 Second – Ronald Reagan and the Air traffic Controllers’ Strike of 1981 Third – Governor Scott of Wisconsin and the Wisconsin Public Employees union - ­Ã¢â‚¬  2011 Union defeats in these three disputes led to major union busting efforts and blunted progress in a time of union growth, or accelerated a downward trajectory in a period of decline. Carnegie and Homestead Works Skilled Steel Workers For several years Andrew Carnegie had been building his fortune upon acquiring and operating steel companies and plants at a time when steel was the major growth industry enabling America to build cities and infrastructure that would make it the envy of the world. Carnegie’s holdings in steel were primarily in â€Å"unorganized† or non- ­Ã¢â‚¬ union plants. In 1888 he acquired the unionized Homestead plant in Pennsylvania. At the time of his acquisition and early period of operation, unions (the plant union was the Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers, or AA) were comprised primarily of skilled personnel who worked cooperatively with management on productivity, efficiency and quality of the product. Unionized workers also held a great amount of personal security and a sense of ownership of their jobs. As Carnegie’s plan ts became more mechanized they required a large number of unskilled laborers that came in as non- ­Ã¢â‚¬ union workers. The AA, a national union, was also organized in other steel plants in the Allegheny region. The union initiated a strike on June 30, 1892, which was followed by a management directed â€Å"lockout† of union workers. While Carnegie left for an extended tour of Europe he left one of his managers, Henry Frick in charge. Frick had a plan to fiercely oppose the union, to not only end the strike – but to break the union entirely. Carnegie was complicit in the plan, but stayed in Scotland to keep himself comfortably above the fray. Frick hired the Pinkerton Agency with an objective of overthrowing the striking workers that were occupying the perimeter around the plant (after a fence had been built by Frick to keep the workers out of

Accountant in Business Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Accountant in Business - Coursework Example The Porter’s Five Forces would also be implemented along with a Value Chain analysis for the company. Tesco plc was founded by Jack Cohen in the year 1919 and was first situated in London as a market stall. The company has grown over the years and has managed to compete with highly ranked food retailers in the world. The company was in the year 1947 incorporated from being a market stall to a retailer and their market scope grew from one country to at least 12 countries in the world. Today, Tesco is known to be among the world’s largest food retailer with a total of 4331 stores in 14 countries which cover the regions of Asia, Europe and the United States. The largest numbers of stores are found in the United States but their office headquarters are situated in Hertfordshire, UK. In 2009, Tesco had revenue of  £54 billion and had employed around 470,000 workers. In 2013, Tesco plc was ranked as United Kingdom’s top food retailer. By the end of 2014, Tesco plc had more than 500,000 employees marked by the increase in demand for retail food. By the end of 2014, Tesco Company recorded revenue of $100,026 million which was a 0.2% growth from 2013. The net profit of the company had increased by 10.5% from the previous year with $1,532.9 million. The turnover of the company was 63,557,000,000 (GBP). One of the political issues that directly affected Tesco plc was the trade that existed between the Eastern and the Western European countries. The trade between the two regions provided a platform for Tesco plc to expand its market across the European Union. Additionally in 2009, Tesco signed an agreement with joint ventures which led to the development of shopping retails mall in China. With international treaties being made all over the world, the market segment of Tesco has risen and more expansion experienced in a number of countries. To Tesco Company, economic factors play a big role because it directly

Description of Investment Banking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Description of Investment Banking - Essay Example In addition, investment banks can also assist the mergers and acquisitions of companies and provide services such as trading of derivatives and securities. It trades and promotes securities for assets or other securities (i.e. derivatives) on its selling side. On the other hand, it also advises individuals and companies on how to invest their monies as its buying function. Advise typically dispensed by investment banking usually involves equity, insurance companies, mutual funds and hedge funds. An investment banker or the person who provides investment banking services to his or her clients are licensed and subject to the regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and Financial Regulatory Authority (SEC). a. Front office – is the most common function of investment banking where it helps its client to raise capital for their business or give advise during acquisitions and mergers. Raising funds for its clients could take in the form of issuing marketable securities (such as stocks), coordinate and negotiate with the company to be acquired or merged with and coordinate with bidders. Investment banks do not take in deposits from the general public and instead, it involves itself in the buying and selling of investment securities and other tradable securities. The investment banker assumes the role of a trader as he or she buys and then sell securities with a spread or margin on every trade completed. This function of investment banking, however, was blamed as the culprit of the recent financial crisis because the â€Å"financial bubble† that burst and precipitated the crisis came from reselling of complex derivates and debts that cannot collect until ultimately, it took its toll on the US financial system. b. Middle office – the middle office involves the research function of investment banking.

Marketing Management. Fast food Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Marketing Management. Fast food - Assignment Example In Canada fast food restaurant include Boston Pizza, Tim Horton and Swiss Chalet. In the UK fast food restaurants include included Easy Pizza, and Pizza Express. In this market the restaurant form chains which are in most cases centrally controlled, this restaurants have been criticised in the past that excess consumption of these foods will lead to obesity, the direct advertisements to children, the reduction of local cuisines and their lack to provide employment. Consumer behaviour is changing and the fast food industry is loosing market share to other restaurants that produce expensive meals to consumers, also the campaign against the consumption of these fast foods has led to a decrease in consumption. Advertising in the fast food restaurant is through television commercials, the print media, billboards and events sponsoring. Recently this food restaurant are now changing to internet advertising due to increased criticisms on television and media, Branding includes clothing, direct signs and posters. McDonald has sponsored the Olympic Games, FIFA world cup and NASCAR teams. Advertising plays a major role in marketing a product; advertising informs consumers on existing products, communicates the information about a product, stimulates the distribution of a product, increases product usage and finally builds brand preferences and loyalty through constant and consistent promotional campaigns. Fast food advertising in 2001 amounted to 635 million dollars for McDonald, 298 million dollars for Burger King, 179 million dollars for Tacos Bell and 148 million dollars for Pizza Hut. (http://www.ijbnpa.org/content/pdf/1479-5868-1-3.pdf) According to the fast food industry statistics the fast food industry is losing popularity due the constant campaigns, the campaigns are usually based on the fact that the food they produce cause obesity, the advertisement of junk food to children and this has led to countries introducing strict limitation on fast food advertisement and this has made them to advertise through the internet as an alternative to reach their customers. We there fore analyse the MacDonald restaurant to view their strategic planning on market throughout its historical development from a small restaurant to a multinational restaurant. Mc Donald Fast Food Restaurant. Mc Donald is the largest fast food restaurant in the world. It has dominated the American market and the rest of the world. The restaurant has many branches all over the world and they are similar in their services, staff uniform, menu, packaging and services with a smile. The principle of this restaurant is efficiency, calculability, uniformity and control through automation. It was founded in 1940 by Dick and Mac McDonald. This company has branches in 199 countries and serves close to 5 million customers dairy. In 2005 report, the company had a total of 45,777 employees, in the same year total revenue amounted to 20.466 billion US dollars and the net income to the restaurant amounted to 2.602 billion US dollars. The volume of food used every year are 32,000 tonnes of beef, 21,500 tonnes of chicken, 100 million eggs and 7,250 tonnes of cheese just to mention a few. Mc Donald and Dick ventured into the food business in 1937 by opening a hotdog stand in Arcadia California, they later expanded their business and in 1940

Recruitment Methods Essay Example for Free

Recruitment Methods Essay There are many types of recruitment methods that employer chose to target the type of applicants they desire for the open position. I will describe one internal and three external ways to recruit applicants for a high school librarian. I will also describe the advantages and disadvantages of each recruitment method. The first recruitment method for a high school librarian would be through advertisements. By placing advertisements in the local newspaper, on radio broadcasts, and web sites, the school board will be able to reach a larger audience of possible applicants more quickly, especially if the position needs to be filled at once. Another advantage for advertisements is that it highlights the major assets of the position. In addition, advertisements lets the potential applicants know that the high school is an equal opportunity employer. The disadvantage is that people who apply for the position apply with great hopes that the school board will not find a more qualified individual. Thus, the school board takes the chance of receiving more under qualified individual applications. Internet recruiting is another source the school board could use in order to find the most qualified and skillful applicants. It is a cheaper, faster, and potentially more effective way to recruit an applicant. Another advantage for internet recruitment is that web sites such as Monster. com, has a tracking system that can match the job requirements with the experiences and skills with the applicant. Disadvantages to internet recruiting include the loss of potential local â€Å"walk-ins†, less applications, and it puts a limit on recruitment resources and applicants for the school board. The final external way of recruitment the school board would use is the public employment agencies. Each state maintains an employment agency that administers its unemployment insurance program. This gives the school board an advantage because when a position needs to be filled immediately, the agency can refer an individual to them that have the specified skills and experiences for the job. The agency can also assist with any testing, job analysis, evaluation programs, and community wage surveys that would occur with a normal applicant. On the flip side, the applicant must be â€Å"suitable for employment†. Each individual is required to go through a job placement session in order to keep his or her unemployment wages. If an individual sees that they could make more through their unemployment wages, he or she may not interview as well for the position, leaving the school board with no position to fill. I am not quite sure about the advantages of hiring within for a high school librarian, because this position has skills and requirements that are not always the same for those such as a teacher, lunch person, or school bus driver. Yet the advantages for internal recruiting can let the employer capitalize on their investment they made during recruitment, selection process, training, and developing the current employees. The firm can reward their employees for past performances, and use him or her as an example to improve morale for others. Internal recruitment can protect its employees from layoffs and or broaden job experiences. A disadvantage of internal recruitment is that those from within may not always have the desired specialized training, required education, and specific skills needed to fill the position. If a firm relies too much on internal resources, it could lead to inbreeding of ideas and attitudes.

Complete Darkness - Original Writing :: Papers

Complete Darkness - Original Writing I woke up in complete darkness with an uncontrollable sharp stabbing pain in my jaw, it was the middle of the night and I was about ten, I had been sleeping in the top bunk bed in our Camper Van. I gave out a great cry of pain and I could hear my mum coming down the steps from her cabin bed. She switched on a light and I could see blood all over the camper vans lineal floor, I could hear my sister Jenna complaining about the bright light that had awoken her from her deep sleep, Mum told her to go back to sleep. My mum took me up of the floor and placed me into the bed and I can remember jumping up and down with the pain. Mum took me into the bathroom to clean up the blood and I remember her holding me on her knee while she sponged my face with a facecloth. I also remember the bathroom being very small for two people. My stepfather Davy was also at the door of the bathroom and then he turned to clean up the blood from the floor. Mum remarked that I must have put a tooth through my face, as there was a small hole above my lip. When the bleeding stopped Mum put me back into bed and I was still in a lot of pain but she stayed with me for a while and comforted me to try and make me go back to sleep. After some time Mum decided that she wanted to call the casualty department at Coleraine Hospital to ask their advice on my fall. When she came back I told her that I could feel a hole on the inside of my mouth - my tongue would have gone into it. Mum got a torch and looked in and said nothing. I could hear her going up the steps to the cabin bed and speaking with my stepfather. Next thing I knew was that Mum was telling me we were going to Coleraine Hospital.

Adoption of E-Prescribing in Healthcare Organizations Essay -- Health

Electronic prescribing (e-prescribing) has the ability to improve the quality, safety and cost effectiveness of health care. Experts have predicted that e-prescribing could avoid over 2 million adverse drugs events annually, of which 130,000 are life-threatening. This report defines e-prescribing and the challenges that may be faced in adopting this system. E-Prescribing The eHealth Initiative defines e-prescribing as â€Å"the use of computing devices to enter, modify, review, and output or communicate drug prescriptions.† (Electronic Prescribing, n.d.) There are varying levels of e-prescribing systems ranging from Level 1 through Level 6. Level 2, which is a â€Å"stand-alone† application, enables providers to order medication electronically but does not include medical patient information. Level 6, which is the most sophisticated, is an integrated system which uses other electronic databases such as the Electronic Health Record (EHR), pharmacy, and Pharmacy Benefit Manager (PBM) systems, which provide greater efficiency, patient safety and the largest return on the investment. The Medicare Part D prescription drug program more formally defines e-prescribing as: E-prescribing means the transmission, using electronic media, of prescription or prescription-related information between a prescriber, dispenser, pharmacy benefit manager or health plan, either directly or through an intermediary, including an e-prescribing network. E-prescribing includes, but is not limited to, two way transmissions between the point of care and the dispenser. This allows the physician to electronically access information regarding a patient’s drug benefit coverage, medication history (including adverse drug events), and to submit the pr... ...ful use incentives. HealthImaging. Retrieved January 23, 2012 from http://www.healthimaging.com/index.php?view=article&id=30707:nchs-more-physicians-applying-for Leavitt, M.O. (2007). Pilot Testing of Initial Electronic Prescribing Standards. Health Information Technology. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. Retrieved January 23, 2012 from http://healthit.ahrq.gov/portal/server.pt?open=514&objID=5554&mode=2&holderDispla yURL=http://wci-p Popovich, M. (2011, November). e-Prescribing Essentials: Get the Most Out of E-Prescribing. Practical Dermatology. Retrieved January 23, 2012 from http://bmctoday.net/practicaldermatology/2011/11/article.asp?f=e-prescribing-essentials-get-the-mo Wolper, L.F. (2011). Health Care Administration: Planning, Implementing, and Managing Organized Delivery Systems (5th ed.). Sudbury: Jones & Bartlett Publishers.