Marketing Management. Fast food Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Marketing Management. Fast food - Assignment Example In Canada fast food restaurant include Boston Pizza, Tim Horton and Swiss Chalet. In the UK fast food restaurants include included Easy Pizza, and Pizza Express. In this market the restaurant form chains which are in most cases centrally controlled, this restaurants have been criticised in the past that excess consumption of these foods will lead to obesity, the direct advertisements to children, the reduction of local cuisines and their lack to provide employment. Consumer behaviour is changing and the fast food industry is loosing market share to other restaurants that produce expensive meals to consumers, also the campaign against the consumption of these fast foods has led to a decrease in consumption. Advertising in the fast food restaurant is through television commercials, the print media, billboards and events sponsoring. Recently this food restaurant are now changing to internet advertising due to increased criticisms on television and media, Branding includes clothing, direct signs and posters. McDonald has sponsored the Olympic Games, FIFA world cup and NASCAR teams. Advertising plays a major role in marketing a product; advertising informs consumers on existing products, communicates the information about a product, stimulates the distribution of a product, increases product usage and finally builds brand preferences and loyalty through constant and consistent promotional campaigns. Fast food advertising in 2001 amounted to 635 million dollars for McDonald, 298 million dollars for Burger King, 179 million dollars for Tacos Bell and 148 million dollars for Pizza Hut. (http://www.ijbnpa.org/content/pdf/1479-5868-1-3.pdf) According to the fast food industry statistics the fast food industry is losing popularity due the constant campaigns, the campaigns are usually based on the fact that the food they produce cause obesity, the advertisement of junk food to children and this has led to countries introducing strict limitation on fast food advertisement and this has made them to advertise through the internet as an alternative to reach their customers. We there fore analyse the MacDonald restaurant to view their strategic planning on market throughout its historical development from a small restaurant to a multinational restaurant. Mc Donald Fast Food Restaurant. Mc Donald is the largest fast food restaurant in the world. It has dominated the American market and the rest of the world. The restaurant has many branches all over the world and they are similar in their services, staff uniform, menu, packaging and services with a smile. The principle of this restaurant is efficiency, calculability, uniformity and control through automation. It was founded in 1940 by Dick and Mac McDonald. This company has branches in 199 countries and serves close to 5 million customers dairy. In 2005 report, the company had a total of 45,777 employees, in the same year total revenue amounted to 20.466 billion US dollars and the net income to the restaurant amounted to 2.602 billion US dollars. The volume of food used every year are 32,000 tonnes of beef, 21,500 tonnes of chicken, 100 million eggs and 7,250 tonnes of cheese just to mention a few. Mc Donald and Dick ventured into the food business in 1937 by opening a hotdog stand in Arcadia California, they later expanded their business and in 1940

Recruitment Methods Essay Example for Free

Recruitment Methods Essay There are many types of recruitment methods that employer chose to target the type of applicants they desire for the open position. I will describe one internal and three external ways to recruit applicants for a high school librarian. I will also describe the advantages and disadvantages of each recruitment method. The first recruitment method for a high school librarian would be through advertisements. By placing advertisements in the local newspaper, on radio broadcasts, and web sites, the school board will be able to reach a larger audience of possible applicants more quickly, especially if the position needs to be filled at once. Another advantage for advertisements is that it highlights the major assets of the position. In addition, advertisements lets the potential applicants know that the high school is an equal opportunity employer. The disadvantage is that people who apply for the position apply with great hopes that the school board will not find a more qualified individual. Thus, the school board takes the chance of receiving more under qualified individual applications. Internet recruiting is another source the school board could use in order to find the most qualified and skillful applicants. It is a cheaper, faster, and potentially more effective way to recruit an applicant. Another advantage for internet recruitment is that web sites such as Monster. com, has a tracking system that can match the job requirements with the experiences and skills with the applicant. Disadvantages to internet recruiting include the loss of potential local â€Å"walk-ins†, less applications, and it puts a limit on recruitment resources and applicants for the school board. The final external way of recruitment the school board would use is the public employment agencies. Each state maintains an employment agency that administers its unemployment insurance program. This gives the school board an advantage because when a position needs to be filled immediately, the agency can refer an individual to them that have the specified skills and experiences for the job. The agency can also assist with any testing, job analysis, evaluation programs, and community wage surveys that would occur with a normal applicant. On the flip side, the applicant must be â€Å"suitable for employment†. Each individual is required to go through a job placement session in order to keep his or her unemployment wages. If an individual sees that they could make more through their unemployment wages, he or she may not interview as well for the position, leaving the school board with no position to fill. I am not quite sure about the advantages of hiring within for a high school librarian, because this position has skills and requirements that are not always the same for those such as a teacher, lunch person, or school bus driver. Yet the advantages for internal recruiting can let the employer capitalize on their investment they made during recruitment, selection process, training, and developing the current employees. The firm can reward their employees for past performances, and use him or her as an example to improve morale for others. Internal recruitment can protect its employees from layoffs and or broaden job experiences. A disadvantage of internal recruitment is that those from within may not always have the desired specialized training, required education, and specific skills needed to fill the position. If a firm relies too much on internal resources, it could lead to inbreeding of ideas and attitudes.

Complete Darkness - Original Writing :: Papers

Complete Darkness - Original Writing I woke up in complete darkness with an uncontrollable sharp stabbing pain in my jaw, it was the middle of the night and I was about ten, I had been sleeping in the top bunk bed in our Camper Van. I gave out a great cry of pain and I could hear my mum coming down the steps from her cabin bed. She switched on a light and I could see blood all over the camper vans lineal floor, I could hear my sister Jenna complaining about the bright light that had awoken her from her deep sleep, Mum told her to go back to sleep. My mum took me up of the floor and placed me into the bed and I can remember jumping up and down with the pain. Mum took me into the bathroom to clean up the blood and I remember her holding me on her knee while she sponged my face with a facecloth. I also remember the bathroom being very small for two people. My stepfather Davy was also at the door of the bathroom and then he turned to clean up the blood from the floor. Mum remarked that I must have put a tooth through my face, as there was a small hole above my lip. When the bleeding stopped Mum put me back into bed and I was still in a lot of pain but she stayed with me for a while and comforted me to try and make me go back to sleep. After some time Mum decided that she wanted to call the casualty department at Coleraine Hospital to ask their advice on my fall. When she came back I told her that I could feel a hole on the inside of my mouth - my tongue would have gone into it. Mum got a torch and looked in and said nothing. I could hear her going up the steps to the cabin bed and speaking with my stepfather. Next thing I knew was that Mum was telling me we were going to Coleraine Hospital.

Adoption of E-Prescribing in Healthcare Organizations Essay -- Health

Electronic prescribing (e-prescribing) has the ability to improve the quality, safety and cost effectiveness of health care. Experts have predicted that e-prescribing could avoid over 2 million adverse drugs events annually, of which 130,000 are life-threatening. This report defines e-prescribing and the challenges that may be faced in adopting this system. E-Prescribing The eHealth Initiative defines e-prescribing as â€Å"the use of computing devices to enter, modify, review, and output or communicate drug prescriptions.† (Electronic Prescribing, n.d.) There are varying levels of e-prescribing systems ranging from Level 1 through Level 6. Level 2, which is a â€Å"stand-alone† application, enables providers to order medication electronically but does not include medical patient information. Level 6, which is the most sophisticated, is an integrated system which uses other electronic databases such as the Electronic Health Record (EHR), pharmacy, and Pharmacy Benefit Manager (PBM) systems, which provide greater efficiency, patient safety and the largest return on the investment. The Medicare Part D prescription drug program more formally defines e-prescribing as: E-prescribing means the transmission, using electronic media, of prescription or prescription-related information between a prescriber, dispenser, pharmacy benefit manager or health plan, either directly or through an intermediary, including an e-prescribing network. E-prescribing includes, but is not limited to, two way transmissions between the point of care and the dispenser. This allows the physician to electronically access information regarding a patient’s drug benefit coverage, medication history (including adverse drug events), and to submit the pr... ...ful use incentives. HealthImaging. Retrieved January 23, 2012 from http://www.healthimaging.com/index.php?view=article&id=30707:nchs-more-physicians-applying-for Leavitt, M.O. (2007). Pilot Testing of Initial Electronic Prescribing Standards. Health Information Technology. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. Retrieved January 23, 2012 from http://healthit.ahrq.gov/portal/server.pt?open=514&objID=5554&mode=2&holderDispla yURL=http://wci-p Popovich, M. (2011, November). e-Prescribing Essentials: Get the Most Out of E-Prescribing. Practical Dermatology. Retrieved January 23, 2012 from http://bmctoday.net/practicaldermatology/2011/11/article.asp?f=e-prescribing-essentials-get-the-mo Wolper, L.F. (2011). Health Care Administration: Planning, Implementing, and Managing Organized Delivery Systems (5th ed.). Sudbury: Jones & Bartlett Publishers.

Alum Synthesis

Alum Synthesis: The Chemical Process of Recycling Aluminum Introduction By recycling aluminum cans, the costs and energy savings are dramatically more resourceful and efficient than producing aluminum from what it is naturally found in, bauxite ore. The process of recycling aluminum to produce potassium aluminum sulfate, a common alum, will be done through a serious of chemical reactions. Through this reaction, percent yield will be determined. Materials and Methods The mass of a 250 mL beaker is measured, and . 9 to 1. 2 grams of aluminum can pieces are added to the beaker. The mass of the beaker and aluminum pieces is recorded.These two masses are then used to determine the initial mass of aluminum being reacted in this experiment. 50 mL of 1. 4 M KOH is then added to the beaker and placed upon a hot plate under a fume hood to fumigate any escaping gases during the reaction, which should take no longer than 30 minutes. The heat from the hot plate speeds the reaction, and the reacti on mixture must be kept no lower than 25 mL by adding distilled water. An aspirator is assembled by using a suction flask, clamp, ring stand, rubber tubing, funnel, and filter paper to filter the reaction mixture once the first reaction is complete. Feature Article –  Free-Radical BrominationThe filter paper is then wetted, the vacuum source is turned on, and the mixture is poured through the filter, using 5 mL of distilled water to rinse the beaker. The filter will catch all the dark filtrate from the aluminum can pieces, and the suction flask will contain a clear (transparent) solution. The solution is then transferred to a clean 250 mL beaker, and the suction flask is rinsed with 10 mL distilled water to insure all the remaining solution is transferred to the clean beaker. The beaker is placed in an ice bath to cool the solution, filling the beaker three fourths full with ice and cold water. 0 mL of 6. 0 M sulfuric acid is measured and slowly added to the mixture, using a stirring rod to mix. Heat the mixture on a hot plate if any solids begin to develop in the mixture. Using a 1 L plastic beaker, prepare another ice bath and place the beaker containing the reaction mixture in the ice bath. Once in the ice bath, the alum crystals forming in the mixture will begin to precipitate. To help the process of crystal formation, use the stir rod to scrape the sides of the beaker and form an alum seed crystal. Reassemble a clean vacuum filter, and filter the crystals onto the filter paper.Get as much of the precipitated crystals out of the beaker and then rinse the beaker twice with 10 mL of 50% ethanol solution to transfer all the crystals to the beaker. Once the alum crystals have dried, measure the mass of a clean 250 mL beaker and then measure the mass of the beaker containing the alum crystals. Results and Discussion The first reaction to begin the alum synthesis process is when aluminum and potassium hydroxide are combined and water and heat are added during the reaction. The result is an ion called â€Å"aluminate† with an excess of hydrogen gas.This type of reaction is a redox (reduction-oxidation) reaction, where the aluminum metal is oxidized to aluminum with an oxidation number of +3 an d the hydrogen in potassium hydroxide or in water is reduced from an oxidation number of +1 to zero in hydrogen gas. The balanced chemical equation for this reaction is: 2Als+ 2KOHaq+ 6H2Oliq>2KAlOH4aq+ 3 H2g During this reaction, the colorless mixture potassium hydroxide and aluminum pieces turned a dark, ashy gray as heat was applied and the aluminum can pieces dissolved. The heat sped the reaction, and within thirty minutes all the aluminum pieces were dissolved, leaving behind aluminate.In the second reaction, the filtered aluminate solution is mixed with sulfuric acid once the solution has cooled. After stirring for several minutes, crystals began to form. The crystalizing liquid started thickening and appeared to be white. The product of this reaction is aluminum hydroxide, potassium sulfate, and water. The fully balanced chemical equation is: 2 KAl(OH)4(aq) + H2SO4(aq) >2Al(OH)3(s) + 2 H2O(liq) + K2SO4(aq) This equation represents a metathesis (precipitation) reaction where a ll the elements and groups recombine and a precipitate, aluminum hydroxide, is formed.As more sulfuric was added, the precipitate began to dissolve, thus causing the third reaction. The solution contains aluminum, potassium, and sulfate ions now. The balanced chemical equation is: 2 Al(OH)3(s) + 3 H2SO4(aq) >Al2(SO4)3(aq) + 6 H2O(liq) This type of reaction is a metathesis (acid-base) reaction where, once again, the elements and groups recombine themselves. The product of this reaction is aluminum sulfate and water. The solution continued to cool and crystals began to form. The last reaction resulted in a hydrated potassium aluminum sulfate, and crystals of this compound formed slowly. Seed crystals† developed and more alum deposited causing the crystals to expand. The balanced chemical reaction is: Al2(SO4)3(aq) + K2SO4(aq) + 24 H2O(liq) >2 KAl(SO4)2†¢12 H2O(s) This would be considered a combination reaction because the three reactants combined to form one product, hydrat ed potassium aluminum sulfate. The overall balanced chemical reaction for this experiment is: 2Al(s)+2KOHaq+4H2SO4(aq)+22H2O(liq) >2 KAl(SO4)2†¢12H2O(s) + 3 H2(g) At the start of the experiment, 1. 01 grams of aluminum can pieces were used. After forgoing several reactions, 4. 19 grams of alum were recovered.Theoretically, 17. 76 grams of alum should have been recovered. This gives a percent yield of 24. 0%. Human error was definitely the main factor as to why the percent yield is not anywhere close to 100%. My lab partner and I did have a misunderstanding with one of the steps in the instructions; instead of placing the beaker in an ice bath during reaction three, we thought the directions said to put ice directly into the reaction mixture. This may have caused some error in the cooling process of the mixture, and may have not enabled all the crystals to form properly.We may have also not waited long enough for all the crystals to form. Also, some of the crystals may have gott en lost while being transferred from the beaker, to the aspirator, and then to another beaker to be measured. These factors are reasonable as to why the actual yield of alum that resulted in the experiment were not accurate with the theoretical yield of alum. Conclusion Through a series of reactions, it is understood that aluminum can be chemically reacted to result in the synthesis of alum. The success of the experiment proves the reasoning of the process of recycling aluminum.

TVs War on Me and I

TVs War on Me and I TVs War on Me and I TVs War on Me and I By Maeve Maddox Television scriptwriters or perhaps actors who are failing to read what has been written for themseem to be determined to reverse the functions of the pronouns I and me in American speech. Refresher I is the subject form of the first person personal pronoun. It stands for the person speaking. This subject form is used as the subject of a sentence: I am attending a conference in Chicago this week. Charles and I are attending the conference together. NOTE: The courteous way to construct a compound subject in which I is one of the subject words is to place the other person first: Charles and I are attending. He and I are attending. Purists may insist on It is I, but in conversation, most Americans say Its me. Its safe to say, therefore, that the ONLY time to use the pronoun I is as the subject of a sentence. Me is the object form of the first person personal pronoun. It is the receiver of an action or the object of a preposition. It is NEVER the subject of a verb. Examples: Direct object: Please invite me. Please invite Tommy and me. Indirect object: Give me the book. Give James and me the book. Object of preposition: Dads riding with me. (object of with) The children live with Sally and me. In writing fiction I know enough not to put the same grammar or vocabulary in the mouths of a child, a garage mechanic, an ESL learner, and a college professor. On the other hand, unless theres something about the characters personality to make him deliberately flout the rules of standard English, I would have a native English speaker who has completed at least eight years of formal education use the pronouns I and me correctly. I might put the construction Me and him went to the movies into the mouth of a privately-educated teenager who wanted to make his parents cringe, but I wouldnt give the line to an assistant district attorneyunless I meant for the reader to question her credibility. See what you think of these gleanings from Prime Time: Law and Order Him and Eric had words at the Baby Doll a young bank executive Did he ever confide in you what him and Kate have been going through? Detective Green Callng on Wong and I to attend Alexandra Borgia, Assistant District Attorney Cold Case Files Vic and him stopped talking as soon as she moved out. a fireman Without A Trace I was looking for a recent photo of Jimmy and I affluent, apparently educated girlfriend of a missing person Did he ever talk about a grudge between he and some of the guys? Jack Malone, senior FBI agent Numbers I made a reservation for Megan and I at an Ethiopian restaurant. Larry Fleinhardt, PhD Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:12 Types of LanguageConfused Words #3: Lose, Loose, LossPassed vs Past

Top Intermediate French Mistakes

Top Intermediate French Mistakes After learning French for a while, whether in a class or on your own, youve probably found that there are some things you just cant figure out how to say, or that people are always correcting you on. These may be issues that you havent been taught yet  or concepts that youve studied but just dont get. As an intermediate French speaker, there is still plenty of time to fix these mistakes before they fossilize in your mind. Here are ten of the most common intermediate-level French mistakes with links to lessons. French Mistake 1: Y and En Y and en are known as adverbial pronouns - they replace the preposition or de plus a noun, respectively. They consistently cause problems for intermediate French speakers, though Im not sure whether this is because they are not adequately taught in French classes, or simply because they are difficult to master. Regardless of the reason for the difficulties, the fact is that both y and en are extremely important in French, so be sure to study this lesson. French Mistake 2: Manquer The French verb manquer (to miss) is a tough one because the word order is the opposite of what you probably expect. For example, I miss you translates not as je te manque but rather tu me manques (literally, you are missing to me.) Once you understand the proper French word order, youll never miss this one again. French Mistake 3: Le Passà © French past tenses are definitely tricky. The passà © composà © vs imparfait issue is a constant struggle until students truly understand each of these tenses and the differences between them. Theres also the matter of the passà © simple, which needs to be understood but not used. Get past this confusion with these lessons. French Mistake 4: Agreement Agreement of adjectives and à ªtre verbs may seem pointless and aggravating, but its part of the French language and needs to be learned. There are several kinds of agreement; the ones intermediate students really need to watch out for are agreement of adjectives with the nouns they modify, and agreement of the past participle of à ªtre verbs with their subjects in the passà © composà © and other compound tenses. French Mistake 5: Faux Amis There are thousands of French words that look a lot like English words, and while many of them are true cognates (i.e., mean the same thing in both languages), a lot of them are false cognates. If you look at the word actuellement and think Aha! Thats the French translation of actually, youre going to make a mistake because it actually means currently. Actuellement and hundreds of other faux amis are explained on my site, so take the time to learn the most common ones and thus avoid common pitfalls. French Mistake 6: Relative Pronouns The French relative pronouns are  qui,  que,  lequel,  dont, and  oà ¹, and depending on context can mean  who,  whom,  that,  which,  whose,  where, or  when. They are difficult for various reasons, including not having standard English equivalents and being required in French but often optional in English. The  pronoun  dont  in particular  causes major problems for French students, so be sure to learn about French relative pronouns. French Mistake 7: Temporal Prepositions Temporal prepositions introduce an amount of time, and the French ones are often confused. There is a correct time to use each of the prepositions  ,  en,  dans,  depuis,  pendant  and  pour, so take the time to learn the difference. French Mistake 8: Depuis and Il y a Depuis  and  il y a  are both used to describe  time  in the past, but  depuis  means since or for while  il y a  means ago. If you had studied this lesson one year ago (il y a un an), you would have already known how to use these expressions correctly for a year (depuis  un an). Its not too late -   allez-y! French Mistake 9: Ce  Homme French adjectives usually have to agree with the nouns they modify in gender and number, but there are several that have a special form used when they precede a word that begins with a vowel or mute H. For example, to say this man, you might be tempted to say  ce  homme  because  ce  is the masculine demonstrative article. But because French likes to maintain euphony,  ce  changes to  cet  in front of a vowel or mute H:  cet  homme. French Mistake 10: Pronominal Verbs and Reflexive Pronouns Pronominal verbs (including reflexive verbs) cause lots of problems, especially when they are used in the infinitive. You probably know that Im getting up is  je  me là ¨ve, but what about I have to get up or Im going to get up? Should you say  je  dois/vais  me  lever  or  je  dois/vais  se  lever? Look at this lesson for the answer to that question as well as all kinds of other good info about pronominal verbs. High-Intermediate Mistakes High-intermediate means your French is pretty good - you excel in everyday situations, and can even hold your own in long discussions, but there are still some issues that you cant seem to get the hang of, or that you simply dont remember five minutes after looking them up. Reading several explanations of the same issue can help cement understanding of these sticky issues, so here are ten of the most common high-intermediate French mistakes with links to my lessons - maybe this time it will finally make sense. High Intermediate Mistake 1: Se and Soi Se  and  soi  are two of the most commonly misused French pronouns.  Se  is a reflexive pronoun while  soi  is a stressed pronoun, but they are very often mixed up with  le  and  lui, respectively. These lessons will help you understand the difference in order to avoid any confusion.High Intermediate Mistake 2: Encore vs Toujours Because  encore  and  toujours  can both mean yet and still (though they both have several other meanings as well), they are very often confused with one another. Learn how and when to use each of them. High Intermediate Mistake 3: What Trying to figure out how to say what in French can be tricky - should it be  que  or  quoi, or what about  quel? All of these terms have specific uses in French, so the only way to know which one to use when is to understand exactly what each one means. High Intermediate Mistake 4: Ce que, ce qui, ce dont, ce quoi Indefinite relative pronouns link relative clauses to  a main  clause when there is no specific antecedent... huh? In other words, when you have a sentence like this is what I want or thats what he told me, the what that links the two clauses has an unknown (indefinite) meaning. French indefinite relative pronouns often - though not always translate as what, so take a look at this lesson for detailed explanations and examples. High Intermediate Mistake 5: Si Clauses Si clauses, also known as conditionals or conditional sentences, have an if clause and a then (result) clause, such as If I have time, (then) I will help you. There are three types of si clauses, and each requires a certain sequence of verb tenses in French, which can cause confusion. The rules, however, are quite simple once you take the time to learn them. High Intermediate Mistake 6: Final Letters French pronunciation is tricky when it comes to final letters. Many words end in silent consonants, but some of those normally silent consonants are pronounced when followed by a word that begins with a vowel or mute H. This is often difficult for French learners, but with study and practice you really can master it, and these lessons are the place to start. High Intermediate Mistake 7: Subjunctive A high-intermediate French speaker is certainly aware of the subjunctive and knows to use it after things like  il  faut  que  and  je  veux  que, but there are probably still some expressions or verbs that youre not sure about. Do you use the subjunctive after  espà ©rer, and what about  il est possible/probable? Take a look at these pages for help with all of your subjunctive questions. High Intermediate Mistake 8: Negation   Obviously, a high-intermediate speaker knows how to use  ne...  pas  and many other negative forms, but there might be a few issues you still find tricky, like  ne  pas  in front of an infinitive,  ne  without  pas, and  pas  without  ne. Whatever your question about negation, youll find answers in these lessons. High Intermediate Mistake 9: Two or More Verbs There are several different types of French verb constructions with two or more verbs: compound moods/tenses (e.g.,  jai  mangà ©), dual verbs (je  veux  manger),  modals  (je  dois  manger), passive voice (il est mangà ©), and the causative construction (je  fais  manger). Many of these do not translate literally from English and thus can be difficult for French students. Your best bet is to review the lesson on each structure to make sure you understand, and then practice whenever you can to remember it. High Intermediate Mistake 10: Word Order Last but not least, word order can be a problem, especially when dealing with negation, various pronouns, and more than one verb all in the same sentence. This is another area where practice makes perfect - review the lessons and then put them to work. Position of object pronouns  Position of adverbs

Balanced Equation Definition and Examples

Balanced Equation Definition and Examples A balanced equation is an equation for a chemical reaction in which the number of atoms for each element in the reaction and the total charge are the same for both the reactants and the products. In other words, the mass and the charge are balanced on both sides of the reaction.Also Known As: Balancing the equation, balancing the reaction, conservation of charge and mass. Examples of Unbalanced and Balanced Equations An unbalanced chemical equation lists the reactants and products in a chemical reaction but doesnt state the amounts required to satisfy conservation of mass. For example, this equation for the reaction between iron oxide and carbon to form iron and carbon dioxide is unbalanced with respect to mass: Fe2O3 C → Fe CO2 The equation is balanced for charge  because both sides of the equation have no ions (net neutral charge). The equation has 2 iron atoms on the reactants side of the equation (left of the arrow), but 1 iron atom on the products side (right of the arrow). Even without counting up the quantities of other atoms, you can tell the equation is not balanced. The goal of balancing the equation is to have the same number of each type of atom on both the left and right sides of the arrow. This is achieved by changing the coefficients of the compounds (numbers placed in front of compound formulas). The subscripts are never changed (small numbers to the right of some atoms, as for iron and oxygen in this example). Changing the subscripts would alter the chemical identity of the compound! The balanced equation is: 2 Fe2O3 3 C → 4 Fe 3 CO2 Both the left and right sides of the equation have 4 Fe, 6 O, and 3 C atoms. When you balance equations, its a good idea to check your work by multiplying the subscript of each atom by the coefficient. When no subscript is cited, consider it to be 1. Its also good practice to cite the state of matter of each reactant. This is listed in parentheses immediately following the compound. For example, the earlier reaction could be written: 2 Fe2O3(s) 3 C(s) → 4 Fe(s) 3 CO2(g) where s indicates a solid and g is a gas Balanced Ionic Equation Example In aqueous solutions, its common to balance chemical equations for both mass and charge. Balancing for mass produces the same numbers and kinds of atoms on both sides of the equation. Balancing for charge means the net charge is zero on both sides of the equation. The state of matter (aq) stands for aqueous, meaning only the ions are shown in the equation and that they are in water. For example: Ag(aq) NO3-(aq) Na(aq) Cl-(aq) → AgCl(s) Na(aq) NO3-(aq) Check that an ionic equation is balanced for charge by seeing if all of the positive and negative charges cancel each other out on each side of the equation. For example, on the left side of the equation, there are 2 positive charges and 2 negative charges, which means the net charge on the left side is neutral. On the right side, there is a neutral compound, one positive, and one negative charge, again yielding a net charge of 0.

TRS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

TRS - Essay Example Luke wrote about the early Christian leadership development in the first seven chapters of Acts of the Apostles. The focus is majorly on Jesus’ teachings, the spread of the Gospel, and the events that were experienced in Galilee and Judea. As church leaders and more so the Apostles spread the gospel, they experienced hardships such as persecutions, incorporation of foreigners, maintaining distant followers, and issues of church leadership and policies. 2. Controversies about Gentile Christians The great controversy in the early church was about whether or not Christianity had to be simply another division of Judaism. The focus was on the missionary expansion of Gentiles from Antioch. The issue was basically the basis on which Gentiles were to be admitted to the church and the whole issue of human salvation, whether Gentiles or Jews were at stake. The opinion to resolve this controversy was for people to acknowledge the grace of God in Christ as the sole basis for faith and sal vation as the only necessity from the human side. It was also suggested that gentiles respect the attitudes of their brethrens in Christ. At the end of all these, the Church was freed from being a sect in Judaism, and could expand freely as a unit throughout Europe (Saward 67). 3. Arius belief about Jesus and the controversy around this Arius believed that God and Jesus were not really of the same substance. His belief was in the ontological and the eternal functional subordination of Jesus to God; that the son was lower than the father and that he was created before time. At first, the early church was not sure of how to respond to Aryanism. Athanasius responded by claiming that Jesus was eternally begotten from God and thus they have the same essence. Bishop Alexander left the controversy to go on until he finally came to perceive that it was endangering peaceful co-existence in the church. A local council of Bishops was called upon to resolve the controversy, who decided against these teachings as well as depositing Arius from office and excommunicating his followers. In 325 AD, Constantine took a step to form a council inclusive of church prelates from the Roman Empire to solve the controversy. With Constantine’s influence, most of the bishops settled on the Nicene Creed that had the term homoousios; referring to â€Å"one in essence,† with the meaning contrary to that of Arius. The Nicene Creed circular was distributed in churches to make Christians aware. 4. Effects of the sacrament of baptism to the baptized, according to the early Christians According to Saward (104), in the 3rd and 4th centuries, the early church baptized using the immersion method. They believed that this sacrament forgave sins. To them, in the name of the Father, the son, and the holy Spirit, their sins were washed away by water. Baptism also made one a believer, and whoever refused the sacrament was condemned as an unbeliever. Moreover, baptism was a sign that people were destined to repent and could receive remission of sins, were regenerated, get born again, and were blessed by God. 5. Rabbi Abraham Heschel’s theological understanding of the Sabbath Rabbi Abraham Heschel Viewed the Sabbath as not a healthy rest period aimed at preventing burn-out and a way to carry out productive chores; neither is it equivalent to sleep. On this day, the nature of time is disclosed as

Critically examine the role of international credit in contemporary Essay - 2

Critically examine the role of international credit in contemporary economies - Essay Example One of the major developments after the Second World War period was the internationalization or liberalization of the financial markets with United States of America on the front. The multinational corporations of USA spread their financial dealings and operation to different bases across nations. Simultaneously a large amount of funds were allocated for purchase of treasury bills of USA. The banks of USA have also spread their operations worldwide during the seventies. International operations contributed to around 20 percent of the total income of the American banks. International credit provides certain distinct benefits to the people of the borrowing nation. These funds obtained through international credit help in financing the projects of local firms and the government. International financial system offers different opportunities of diversification to an investor, which might not be locally available. However, when an economy joins the global financial markets, certain economi c variables may be restricted as well as the effectiveness of certain basic economic and national policies. For instance the capital mobility across the world has automatically restricted the movements of domestic interest rates and also the control of money supply becomes so difficult under fixed exchange rates. Before economic transactions occur between the residents of different nations, certain arrangements are require making payments effective as well as bringing about the exchange or transaction successfully. The arrangements required need to address the political regimes, legal systems and the customary process of doing business in various countries. The basic of the international monetary system centers on the barter system prevalent in history. To make the exchange procedures convenient and easy to handle, a rage of monetary arrangements came into operation.

TQM in Higher Education Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

TQM in Higher Education - Literature review Example front, changes need to be made to ensure great campus, positive staff attitude, great spiritual environment, less bureaucracy and an enriching student life. According to Gary A. Berg 2008, a large amount of research on Total Quality Management has been focused on for private organizations. However, TQM has been widely used in student service and education fields. Lozier and Teeter (1993) were among the first researchers to focus on application of TQM to higher education. These researchers stress on stakeholder satisfaction as the most significant aspect of TQM in higher education. Juran defined quality as fitness for use and Crossby as conformance to requirements. However, Deming’s definition of is to follow quality as surpassing customer needs and expectations is the one that applies the most to higher education. One of the approaches to quality in higher education is to follow ISO 9000 in educational setup. According to this approach, the staff can be trained to control the behavior of the students (who are customers) rather than their ideas. A combination of responsive systems, implementation framework and staff empowerment would enable successful implementation of ISO 9000 in higher education system. However, some researchers have suggested a change in the education process by eliminating non-productive activities and hence improve the quality of higher education. According to H.J. De Jager & F.J. Nieuwenhuis 2005, there are three important features of TQM in educations according to a specific TQM model. These are leadership, scientific methods & tools and problem solving through teamwork. These three features are integrated to form a great organizational climate, a healthy training & education environment and provision of meaningful data. Customer service acts... This paper approves that the Australian universities brought improvements in their efficiency and accountability while realizing the benefits of economies of scale. These universities were provided additional funds by the government to enable quality assurance practices. However, most of the universities were self-accrediting and lacked external control. Australian Universities Quality Agency was formed to address this limitation. The author also gives example of the Swedish experience in implementing quality in higher education. Here the processes in the universities were decentralized and an improvement led model was followed. The funds were provided to institutions based on their performance and the quality models were customized as per the needs of each institution. This essay makes a conclusion that the quality initiatives in Canadian Universities remain limited to performance indication. This was also introduced with growing pressure from local magazines and government. Association of Universities and Colleges of Canada came up with performance indicators but they were not well accepted by the universities or the public. Most of the universities prefer to use their own list of performance indicators. Therefore, there has been an avoidance of public participation in quality assurance by Canadian universities.

Discuss what skills might be required from managers to cultivate and Essay - 1

Discuss what skills might be required from managers to cultivate and foster creativity and innovation in workforce. Use examples to illustrate your discussion - Essay Example It is only by realigning its goals and its operations to the changing economic conditions that an organization can continue being successful. In this regard, it reaming that managers should be competent with regard to managing change, bit within the organization and the change without the organization in order to remain competitive. These laws explain how acts by individual people with self interest lead to foreseeable results in the market. The laws define how competition is as a result of the individual people trying to achieve their own self interests. This competition then acts as the basis on which products are availed to the society. Competition, according to these laws creates a regulatory environment where the producers will have to confine themselves within these rules that come naturally from the competition forces, or they will be thrown out of the market. These producers are only motivated by profit and the only thing that can draw the boundary on how much they will exploit the society is Competition. Competition, according to Adam smith, does more than just regulate these producers, it pushes them towards meeting the society’s needs by forcing them to continually innovate products and goods that the society wants. Through this mechanism of Competition, the society subconsciously allocates, and reallocates the means of production to suit its needs. This leads to what Adam Smith referred to as the self regulating properties of the market. The constant need for economic growth leads to the need for constant change. Economic growth is a basic need in any society because the society wants to be able to meets its new needs to survive. As the society grown in terms of numbers, new challenges arrive and they must be dealt with. For instance, with increased population, more resources such as food, is required to keep the society fed. This would require better ways to produce food,

The methode of returning cash to company shareholder Essay

The methode of returning cash to company shareholder - Essay Example Non-core operating assets like long term investments and related assets are not critically relevant for a firm's current operations. When Marks & Spencer (M&S) finally disposed of some of its non-core operating assets in 2002 and began to restructure the company, the decision was obvious because it wanted to adopt an alternative technique for the more traditional method of repurchasing shares or that of the increased dividend pay-out. In other words there was a clear effort on the part of M&S management to redistribute revenue to shareholders though its negative implications would have invariably affected the success of the program (Davies, 1999). According to financial managers' own way of thinking such efforts would not be in the best interest of the long term company value creation process because when such cash returns to shareholders take place at regular intervals in the future as the stock prices appreciate and hectic deposal of shares takes place, the company would lose its investor confidence. The net result thus would be to jeopardize the very relationship between the manager and the shareholder. This in turn would lead to a much closer relationship between the manager and the debt-holder. ... Debt instruments often consist and includes restrictions on the company's all the activities. And thus it is preventing and disturbing top management from pursuing alternative financing options and core business opportunities. Large companies always consider debt-equity ratio as a risk because the company is more concern towards lenders and investors. And thus the business is limited as to the amount of debt it carries (Marks and Spencer annual report 2002). For the better and efficient financing companies are usually pledge assets of the company to the Lender as collateral. And the share holders and executives of the company are in some cases required to give guarantee by personally for the repayment of the loans (Devaney, & Lizieri, 2004). Because of this capital restructuring programme marks and Spences certain advantages to their managers can be expected. because of the less liability of the company the managers will enjoy a greater power in all the operational actives. Thus it brings less liabilities to their company so it will be a greater relief for the managers. (Finlan, 1992) But it would certainly demotivates their share holders because they will loose their voting power and the opportunity to take part in the decision making process. So this fact can leads to a morale problem of the share holders. In every company, the financial and real sectors cooperate with each other in order to maintain a sound and progressive balance between the two. This is important as a deficiency in one sector impairs developments in the other sector. So therefore it is important to have an optimal capital structure in the company to maintain the balance between equity and the debts. The value of corporate debt

Discuss what skills might be required from managers to cultivate and Essay - 1

Discuss what skills might be required from managers to cultivate and foster creativity and innovation in workforce. Use examples to illustrate your discussion - Essay Example It is only by realigning its goals and its operations to the changing economic conditions that an organization can continue being successful. In this regard, it reaming that managers should be competent with regard to managing change, bit within the organization and the change without the organization in order to remain competitive. These laws explain how acts by individual people with self interest lead to foreseeable results in the market. The laws define how competition is as a result of the individual people trying to achieve their own self interests. This competition then acts as the basis on which products are availed to the society. Competition, according to these laws creates a regulatory environment where the producers will have to confine themselves within these rules that come naturally from the competition forces, or they will be thrown out of the market. These producers are only motivated by profit and the only thing that can draw the boundary on how much they will exploit the society is Competition. Competition, according to Adam smith, does more than just regulate these producers, it pushes them towards meeting the society’s needs by forcing them to continually innovate products and goods that the society wants. Through this mechanism of Competition, the society subconsciously allocates, and reallocates the means of production to suit its needs. This leads to what Adam Smith referred to as the self regulating properties of the market. The constant need for economic growth leads to the need for constant change. Economic growth is a basic need in any society because the society wants to be able to meets its new needs to survive. As the society grown in terms of numbers, new challenges arrive and they must be dealt with. For instance, with increased population, more resources such as food, is required to keep the society fed. This would require better ways to produce food,

Determination of the Explosive HMX in Soil Coursework

Determination of the Explosive HMX in Soil - Coursework Example The method is commercially designed for RDX and HMX testing for concentrations between 1-20mg/kg in soil samples, Marshall & Oxley (2008). EPA method 8510’s procedure adheres to the following steps; Extract soil sample with acetone If inorganic nitrates and nitrites are present the soil extract is then pasted through an ion exchange resin for their removal The Nitramines and Nitrate esters are then acidified and mixed with zinc dust, passed through reactants of target analytes of zinc dust A color then is developed using NitriVer3 powder pillow, which ranges from pink to deep red depending on the concentration of RDX/HMX in the mixture. Using a spectrophotometer, absorbance is then measured of the treated extract at designated wavelengths and the concentration of RDX/HMX of the unknown sample estimated by comparison to a known standard. Interferences of the sample analysis can be caused by the presence of solvents, reagents, glassware and other processing hardwares present in the soil sample. Hence, the soil samples must be rendered free of these materials by using specific selection of reagents and solvent purification using distillation process in an all glass system following guidelines on cleaning of glassware(). Chemical related explosives such as nitroguanidine (NQ), nitroglycerine (NG), nitrocellulose (NC), tetryl and pentaeythritol tetra nitrate (PETN) can cause pink color to develop if found present in the soil sample. In the absence of RDX and HMX on the pink color does not develop in the presence of Trinitroluence, Dinitrobenzene, 2, 6-Dinitrotoluene, Trinitrobenzene and 2, 4-Dinitrotoluene. Human matter present in the soil will cause a yellow colored extract but this precipitates during acidification leaving the extract cloudy interfering with the accurate determination of absorbance, Taibah University (2012). Other than the common laboratory glassware such as beakers, test tubes etc., the equipment used in this procedure include: A commercia l testing product, EnSys RDX soil testing system that specify the apparatus and materials necessary for test completion Spectrophotometer capable of reading absorbance of 507-510 nm Top loading or mechanical balance for weighing samples to -/+ 0.1g Spectrophotometer cuvettes two or more of 25ml and 2.5cm path length Alternatively; Analytical balance Wide mouth bottles of 125ml Glass volumetric pipettes ranging from 0.5ml – 25.0ml Graduated cylinders 10ml and 100ml Glass volumetric flasks 100ml and 250ml Filter units 0.45 or 0.5Â µm Syringes Spatula Vacuum desiccator – For preparing calibration standards in a fixed laboratory and storage of zinc dust Ion exchange tubes Alumina-A, 3ml Automatic pipet -500Â µl equipped with tips Measuring spoon for zinc dust Wrist action shaker Vials -40ml amber glass equipped with solid caps Reagents and standards; Acetone, CH3COCH3 Distilled water Analytical standards(RDX and HMX analytical standards) Stock standard solution Working s tandard solution Calibration solution Q2. Draw a cause and effect (fishbone) diagram to indicate the contributions to the uncertainty in the result for RDX in soil. Taibah University (2012) Reagent Humic matter Linearity Temperature Calibration Temperature Standard Sampling Standard Volume Temperature Extraction procedure

The accurate assessment of blood pressure Essay Example for Free

The accurate assessment of blood pressure Essay The accurate assessment of blood pressure is a critical way to develop the appropriate treatment plan and monitor its course during the process of medical intervention. Blood pressure can be measured three different ways, including the insertion of a catheter into the artery, manually, and automatically. The most common way to assess blood pressure in hospitalized patients is through the use of automatic blood pressure measurement devices. The accuracy of these devices has been questioned in the past, but manufacturers have responded with numerous changes. This study sought to examine the usefulness of these automatic devices. This research compared the automatic and manual blood pressure measurements of 126 patients from a community hospital. Caution was exercised to standardize the procedures and randomize the assignment of the participants to each of the two treatment groups. A number of statistical analyses were utilized to compare the measurements, determine differences, and estimate the accuracy of each assessment approach. A significant difference between manual and automatic assessment was found in the systolic blood pressure measurement. No significant differences were found between the groups for pulse rates or diastolic blood pressure measures. One graphing technique, however, indicated significant differences in all three components of blood pressure measurement. The overall conclusion from this study states that the attempts by manufacturers to improve the accuracy of automatic blood pressure devices have failed to render these machines equal to manual methods. The application of this study’s finding have great value for a number of various clinical settings. Blood pressure measurement is frequently an integral aspect of assessing a patient’s level of health. The importance of training staff to accurately assess this degree of bodily functioning cannot be overstated. The cumulative effect of multiple well-trained medical professionals frequently conducting manual blood pressure measurements appears to be the best course of action to obtain accurate results. Whenever possible, manual blood pressure assessment should be used in place of or to verify the findings of automatic devices.

History of the Public Smoking Ban

History of the Public Smoking Ban The emergence of public smoking ban can be backdated to 1590 when Pope Urban VII threatened to excommunicate anyone who took any form of tobacco inside a church. Afterwards other European cities enacted smoking bans. Modern, countrywide tobacco ban was imposed in Germany during the rein of Adolf Hitler. In the sunset years of the 20th century, second-hand health related risks of tobacco smoking became more publicized. Coupled with restrictions on cigarette advertising and fear of revenue losses, the tobacco industry embarked on campaigns aimed at â€Å"tolerance and courtesy† to reduce the heightened tension between smoker and non-smokers, whilst eluding issues related smoking ban. Over the years, laws implementing bans on outdoor smoking have been enacted by many countries in various ways. The Irish government became the first country to do so. In one form or another, is also has been enacted in countries such as USA, Norway, Netherlands, Romania, Sweden, South Africa, United Kingdom and Australia. The World Health Organization (1997) survey on tobacco control policies reported that a vast majority of countries numbering to 134 now have some form of restriction on smoking in public places. The underlying explanations cited for smoking bans in public places has often been safeguarding of the society from the its detrimental effects, which include increased risks of cancer, heart disease, and other acute and chronic diseases. The implementers have often put forward scientific evidence showing that tobacco smoking is harmful to the smokers and to those inhaling second-hand smoke. Air quality has often been advocated by the public one of the advantages of smoking ban. For this reason, the basis for smoking ban rationale relates to normative economics. Normative economics entails value judgements about â€Å"what the economy ought to be like† or what particular policy measures ought to be undertaken to achieve a desirable objective. Since normative economics looks into the appropriateness of particular aspects of the economy, it advocates for economic policies. In this case, the value desirable goal aims at reducing health care costs and improve productivity and create job opportunities, reduced risk of fire, cleanliness in places where food are handled, potential cutback on energy (decreased ventilation needs), reduced quantities of litter, make it easier for smokers to quit, and to promote healthier environments. Although restrictions attributed to smoking ban are primarily intended to reduce exposure to second hand smoke, it is most likely that there will be a reduction in smokers opportunity to indulge. This may lead to significant reductions in cigarettes smoked and consequently the â€Å"cost of smoking† Chaloupka and Warner (2000). In particular will be the smokers working or mostly spend most of the time within the Central Business District (CBD) of Nairobi where the smoking ban law is stringent as compared to the suburban. In Ireland, for example, it is said that approximately 7,000 smokers are thought to have quit in the first six months after imposition. What does this imply? First of all it is essential to acknowledge that cigarettes as products have inelastic demand. Tobacco is the raw product for cigarettes and contains nicotine an addictive substance that has no close substitutes. According to Curbing the Epidemic (The World Bank, 1999), elasticity of cigarette ranges on an average of (-0.4) though it varies from region to region, and from study to study. With this simple observation, it therefore implies that the total quantities of cigarettes consumed by each individual ‘continuing smoker will decline, ceteris paribas. This means, that there was an inward shift in demand for cigarettes after the implementation of the ban. Figure 2 demonstrates this implication of shift in demand. Before the enactment of the smoking ban, the consumers demand curve was D1 and the amount spent totaled to Kshs. 100.00 as depicted by the shaded area (OABF). After the enactment, the demand shifted to D2, hence the consumer total expenditure was Kshs. 50.00 as shown by the area (OACE). Economists have often referred to this phenomenon as non-price measures to reduce demand on cigarette. The imposition of smoking ban in the proximity of Kenyas county councils and municipalities includes all workplaces (private and public), businesses and public places (indoor and outdoor) with the exception of restaurants which have been obliged to designate special smoking zones. In the Nairobi for example, there are only three spots in the Central Business District (CBD) allocated smoking zones which do not sufficiently address the needs of all smokers. This ban comes in at the time when the tobacco manufacturing industry BAT Kenya Ltd. has been pushed to a threshold level as a result of tough regulation on advertisement campaign. What will the consumer do with the rest of the money saved? Since the consumer will be saving Kshs. 50.00, daily it will sum up to Kshs. 1,500.00 per month. This would definitely affect the cigarette position on the consumers budget line, assuming the income remains the same. In the Neoclassical economics, the goal of consumer behavior is utility maximization (consistent with maximization of net benefits). This means that the marginal utility of the last Shilling spent on the last cigarette will be equal to the marginal utility of the last Shilling spent on any ‘other good (equimargin principle). To get a better picture of this situation, let assume the following: Before smoking ban After smoking ban Income Kshs.30,000Kshs.30,000 Expenditure on cigarettesKshs. 3,000Kshs. 1,500 Amount spent on others Kshs.27,000Kshs.28,500 Table 1: Cigarette smokers budget before and after ban Figure 2 shows the smokers (consumer) budget line. Since the consumer is constrained by it the budget line, the new law will results into an outward movement along the budget line of the expenditure dedicated to smoking relative to what is spent on others. The implication is that the extra money derived from the reduction of smoking will be substituted and spent on others. This may at times result into some level of decrease in demand for inferior goods. Maybe the smoker will buy a gift for his wife or girlfriend, some items for himself, indulge in other activities such as beer drinking to divert from the affects of the smoking ban. In an interesting scenario would be where the consumer will be end up spending on expensive cigarettes since the consumer may want to maximize on utility. The smoking ban carries along with it requirements that the hospitality sector (hotels, casinos, bars and restaurants) has to designate regions for smokers and non-smokers. In addition it would be a not be a surprise to observe â€Å"no-smoking† and â€Å"smoking† related signs in these places. This will have a twofold effect which can also be viewed from the point of opportunity cost of smoking on businesses (due to the fact that the new decree is at times not adhered and may be up to the business to decide despite them knowing of the legal risks involved). One will be on the businesses that will follow the decree. These businesses may benefit from the fact that they may not lose on some non-smoking clientele base, but lose on some smokers who may avoid these places due to the pinching effect of the ban. The second would be businesses that would not completely adhere to the decree and may loose on clientele that may not appreciate the fact that they are not being ackno wledged, but gain from smokers who may feel that they are not being restricted. In general, economic loss will be experience in varying businesses in the hospitality sector. These include: The imposing of smoking ban will reduce pollution causing activities since the polluters, that is, smokers will be affected. This will result into increased levels of purified or cleanliness of the air. Unfortunately this does not come free. In economics any improvement linked to the environment has both benefits and costs to the society. There exists a trade-off between how much improvement is gained and how much money is used. This can be demonstrated by bringing together marginal benefits and marginal costs into one figure to provide some indication of the exchange and determine how socially efficient is the environmental improvement. What economists term as the socially efficient quantity of pollution† means that social benefits will be maximized when pollution is reduced to a certain point. Unfortunately, too much pollution reduction is too costly for us to undertake. In the case of smoking ban in Kenya, net social benefits can be determined by the difference between total benefit (TB) and total cost (TC): Why? For example in the demand and supply curve, consumer surplus is can be determined by the area above the market price (equilibrium) and below the demand curve, which is similar to our case above. The implications would be that there will be a positive social benefit as results of smoking ban and clean air due to movement from MC1 to MC2 This law will entail some long term implication in that it will prevent the youth from smoking at an early stage, as there will be lesser number of people exposed to the perils of smoking. Hence this will greatly benefit the society in terms of reduced levels of current and mostly essentially, the future generation. Furthermore, restrictions on smoking may change the perceived norms related to smoking by changing attitudes concerning the social acceptability of smoking (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 1994). Evidence has shown that hospital admissions related to heart attacks the cases of dropped due to enactment of the ban. For example, after the smoking ban was imposed 2003 in Pueblo, Colorado USA heart attacked cases dropped by 27% while neighbouring towns where the ban was not introduced showed no change. Also a survey conducted in Scotland showed that smoking ban has some positive impact on health. The research revealed that massive health gain as a result of smoking ban. So not only will individual Kenyan smokers benefit in terms of better health (since some would quit while the continuing smokers will reduce indulging) but also potential second hand smokers (such as bar workers and those who spend considerable time with the smokers). Net social benefit (NB) = Total Benefit (TB) Total Cost (TC) NB = TB TC In economics, â€Å"net benefits are maximized where marginal benefit equals marginal cost (MB = MC)†. The same applies for socially efficient point that occurs where MB = MC and the point where they interact (MB and MC), maximum net social benefits is realized. This is demonstrated in figure 3 where as a result of the imposition of smoking ban MC1 shifts to MC2, causing the equilibrium to change from E1 to E2. Since smoking ban results to E2, then net social benefits is computed as: NSB = A + B + C C NSB = A + B Loss of revenue Loss of actual employment A decline in wages and salary payments Besides the cigarette manufacturers, the impact of a ban is expected to trickle down the industry chain. This includes the tobacco farmers. In Kenya, there are 300,000 farmers involved in growing of tobacco leaves, which means that there would likely be a reduction in revenue on their side. This will result into some of them halting the growing the tobacco leaves and looking for other substitution to their farming. The fear of being phased out is another determining factor on the future volumes (tobacco leaves) produced unless the tobacco industries takes alternative measures to increase it foreign exports and counter local market situation, hence ensure no decline in local quantities of tobacco leaves demand. It is obvious that the reduction of health risks will result into less expenditure that the government will spend of health care in the long run. This ensures improved productivity which will boost the production possibility frontier (PPT). Others benefits to the government include gains in terms of less energy used for ventilation needs and possibilities of increased investment. One would expect that the government revenue would be reduced from the drop in taxes gained from the manufacturing industries, tobacco farmers and the hospitality. Unfortunately this does not seem to be the case. In June 2007, a month before the enactment of the ban, the Kenyan government increased the â€Å"Sin-Taxes†. It seems that the government had counter measures of reducing any chances of future loss of revenue in anticipation of the ban in Junly 2007. For this reason, then it appears that the stakeholders (smokers and related industries) took the overall burden. However, the government will need to create more job opportunities for loss in employment. In addition, government will have to give subsidies to tobacco farmers since the new law will reduce their income and discourage them to continue farming. Since cigarettes contain the addictive substance called nicotine, some smokers may not be able to eventually quit. This may prompt the government to initiate surrogate smoking programs such â€Å"smoking cessation†. One would expect that the new law will impact on the valuation of the tobacco industries. This is definitely true since there was an initial drop in the stock price of BAT stock in the NSE immediately after the ban was enacted. According to The East African, it is estimated that the BAT stocks in the NSE lost Ksh3.5 billion ($48.6 million) in a period of one year. BAT share prices dropped from Kshs. 200 per share to Kshs. 165.00, the lowest during that trading period. In spite of this, today, the stock price has stabilized. This can be owed to the fact that the short run production was affected which led to market speculations of the uncertainty of the BAT in the long run. However, BAT did take counter measures of expanding its foreign market hence giving assurance of long run. Currently, according to Business Daily, so far the BAT shares at the NSE have been stable despite further series of smoking bans by other local authorities. This is consistent with economics of production wher e all the fixed factors of production are variable in the long run hence ensuring some level of return to scale just as BAT has done to ensure it stays in production. Contrarily, in the short run, a firm is only able to change the variable factors and not fixed factors just as the stock prices of BAT reflect in short run versus long run.

Libya: A Deep and Rich History Essay -- essays research papers

Libya: A Deep and Rich History In the beginning of the 20th century Libya was a country that was not to populate nor did it have much power. The name Libya was given by the Italians, who had a major influence in Libya from 1911 until the end of World War II. At the turn of the century the Ottoman Empire was in control of Libya, which at the time was spilt up into three parts. One part was around Tripoli called Tripolitania in the west. The second was around Banghazi called Cyrenaica in the east. The third was in the southwest part of the country called Fezzan. Over the next 90 years Libya would see it shares of rulers and bloodshed. Some important factors that have helped Libya become the country it is today were the creation of the Sanusiyah brotherhood and their resistance against the Italians, Italian colonialism from 1911 to WWII, Libya gaining it’s independence, and the discovery of oil in the late 1950’s. So much has happened to Libya in the last 90 years, which has developed a unique history t hat involves a country over coming annexation and leading up to Libya becoming an independent country. The Ottoman Empire had been in control of Libya since the 16th century. The Karamanli dynasty ruled the area around Libya, Algeria, and Tunisia from 1711 to 1835. Over the 124 years they were in power there were many rulers, but it was not until the Ottoman decided to review how that area was being run and decided to change to control to include officials from Istanbul and limited that areas modernization so that it was the same with the rest of the empire. One of the most important events in Libyan history was the formation of the Sanusiyah brotherhood in 1837. This brotherhood was an Islamic order that preached a stricter form of Islam. The Sanusiyah would give people help and tell others how things should be done. This gave all the new followers a feeling of unity. The original meeting place of the Sanusiyah was in the ruins of Cyrene in eastern Cyrenaica, but was moved to the oasis of Jaghbub near Egypt. The founder was called the Grand Sanusi. His son took over in 1895 and tried to gain influence southward in the oasis of Al-Kufrah. The Ottomans noticed this and did not intervene, but keep their eye the situation. In 1902 Italy saw that the British and the French were not that interested in Libya. They gave their blessings for the Italians to pursue the... ...on sites that were claimed to be â€Å"terrorist centers.† One of the sites was Qaddafi’s home and his young daughter was killed. The major part of the damage was done to other military sites. When things could not get any worse between Libya and the U.S., it was discovered that Libya might be making chemical weapons. This led to the U.S. impose sanctions against Libya. Libya has had a rich and extensive history in the last 90 years. It is clear that Libya is a country that has developed from depending on other countries to being a country that is in charge of how it is run. Libya has really grown by producing and exporting oil. The oil was a key factor in getting Libya on its feet. Today many people visit Libya to see how this country has developed over the last 90 years.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Works Citied Chapin Metz, Helen. Libya A Country Study. U.S.A.: Secretary of the Army, 1989. Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia. Libya. Microsoft Corporation, 1996. Wright, John. Libya. United States of America: Frederick A. Praeger, Inc. 1969. Wright, John. Libya, Chad, And The Central Sahara. U.S.A.: Barnes & Noble Books, 1989.

Imagery in Ode to the West Wind by P.B.Shelley Essay

Ode to the West Wind is a poem by Percy Bysshe Shelley that shows the correspondence between the inner and the outer world of the poet. It is among his famous poems. The major theme of the poem is the poet’s intention to become a force that may bring the change and rejuvenation in man’s life. This theme is metaphorically shown by the rejuvenation of nature through the west wind as an agent. It is described through his excellent use of imagery in it. One may examine the excellence in the usage of imagery through the way it progresses from the beginning till the end.The poem commences with the imagery of the earth, shifting its attention to the air, then moving towards the water, and finally ending at the fire. Thus, the west wind affects all the four elements of the universe: earth, air, fire and water. All these images are conjured up in one thing-the poet-prophet figure. Before discussing these four imageries, it is necessary, at first, to discuss the symbol of the west wind itself. The west wind symbolizes a force, may be of the God or Christ like figure or of any powerful might that could dominate even the most powerful elements-earth, air, fire, and water. The speaker wants to be both the west wind itself and the objects the west wind spreads. The poet wants himself to be that force so that he may bring some revolution among the mankind. As Shelley says: â€Å"†¦Be thou, Spirit fierce, My spirit! Be thou me, impetuous one!† Also, the way in which the west wind carries leaves, seeds, ashes and sparks, he wants himself and his thoughts to be the objects to be spread: â€Å"If I were a dead leaf thou mightest bear; If I were a swift cloud to fly with thee; A wave to pant beneath thy power, and share The impulse of thy strength, only less free Than thou, O uncontrollable!† This unique technique of the structure of the imagery used makes the poem Shelley’s masterpiece. At first, there comes the imagery of the earth. The earth is mostly associated with the femininity-fertility, rebirth, and stability. The juxtaposing of west wind blowing over the entire earth represents the speaker’s desire to recreate and scatter his words. The major imageries related to this theme are the ‘dead leaves’ and the ‘winged seeds’. Both the dead leaves and the winged seeds together show the cyclicality of life on earth. At the outset, the power of the west wind stirs the earth by blowing its leaves. They are shown to scatter in such a way as if they are escaping from an enchanter ‘like ghosts’. This symbolizes the speaker’s inability to control his emotions that carry his message of reform and revolution. Further, the leaves are not the simple leaves but the ‘dead leaves’ with different colors like â€Å"Yellow, and black, and pale, and hectic red†. This is a visual imagery to arouse the sensual expression of these emotions in the reader. The poet’s thoughts are like the leaves with different ideologies, beliefs and, ideas. The leaves are shown dead because the poet’s thoughts have become dead due to his growing age. By showing this imagery the poet wants to say that his thoughts too have become pale and dead and need some force that may derive them like the leaves. After that this imagery of leaves evolves to the imagery of seeds the ‘winged seeds’. Since his thoughts have become pale and hectic red due to the growing age, he wants the rebirth of his emotions just like the winged seeds. West wind plants seeds in the ground during autumn and when the spring comes the buds grow out of them. They are buried like a corpse in the grave. His thoughts have become the corpse. Now it is the time of their fertility. Thus, we may note Shelley’s skill in showing the birth, life, and decay of his thoughts like the leaves that now need the rebirth like seeds. The poem then progresses to the imagery of second element, the air. The air is the source of communication because it carries thoughts far away. The wind shows its power over the air, too. Due to the west wind the air becomes more powerful which shakes the clouds. As a result rain and lightening is produced. They are the symbol of inspiration and creativity. Even as they destroy, they encourage new life and hope as well. Thus, all these details and descriptions of the imagery of air create a sensory experience of the poet’s inspiration for the creation of such a poetry that may go far beyond his reach and bring the change and revolution far and wide. The next imagery evolves to the third element, the water. Water is associated with the ability to feel and intuition to know. He wants to be closely connected to the west wind’s power over water as well. The West Wind awakens the sea that itself is highly violent. Sea has destroyed many great civilizations with its power. But still the west wind dominates it as well. It influences the water not only at its surface level but also deep inside the sea. Like west wind’s power over the deep sea the speaker requests his thoughts to be found not superficially but deep in the hearts of people. Thus, Shelley uses water as his primary source of poetic inspiration. Shelley shows the representation of natural power versus human power, natural mortality versus human mortality, natural freedom versus human freedom, and natural transformation versus human transformation in stanza 4. The poet’s purpose of describing such imagery is to show, what T.S Eliot calls, the ‘objective correlative’, or ‘objective equivalence’ of his emotions. It is through the powers of west wind that he is capable of describing the emotions in a more pictorial form. Finally,the poet describes the imagery of the fourth element, the fire. The fire is usually the image of hopelessness, destruction and death. This is the reason most of the people interpret the poem as the speaker’s lamentation over his inability to directly reach people. However, it works as the preserver as well. The fire is immediate in its action thus represents action orientation. There are only three images related to the fire-hearth, ashes and sparks. Since hearth is a controllable fire, it might be the case that the poet wanted West Wind or his emotions to be controlled not fleeing ‘like ghosts’. The poet compares his thoughts to the ashes and sparks of hearth. In most of the cultures, there is the fifth element as well which describes something which is beyond the material world. Shelley employs this fifth element as well in his ode. This fifth element for Shelley is the soul, or the spirit of a poet-prophet figure here metaphorically described as the ‘West Wind’. The west wind is the fifth element that dominates other four elements-earth, air, fire and water. Shelley is able to indulge in wish-thinking without seeming to and, at the same time, he can strengthen the virtue of hope in himself. The poem ends optimistically with an image of spring lurking behind the shroud of winter: â€Å"If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind ?† Thus Ode To The West Wind expresses the ardour and aspirations of Shelley, conveyed through the profuse use of images, in rapid and spontaneous flow.The images are drawn , both from the world of reality as well as from the world of abstract imagination.Thus Shelley’s revolutionary idealism is portrayed through the powerful images and impestuous rhythm of his lines.

Beauty Advertisement Analysis Essay

Advertisement or adverts for short is a form of communication for marketing and very often it is used to either coax, encourage and manipulate the audience – spectators, listeners, readers or a group of specified and targeted group to support the product or service at hand. Not only is it common but also convenient and efficient. There are a few approaches a company would want to promote or advertise their product or service. One of the many common and conventional methods of advertising can include billboards, printed flyers, web banners, web popups, magazines, newspapers and even human billboards. Before planning the advert, the product seller should weigh out and consider the three factors that would play a huge role in forming an effective advertisement. The three dimensions are cognitive, affective and behavioral information. Cognitive information would heavily involve about the already existing knowledge. Affective information on the other hand, focuses of the emotions of the individuals and behavioral information focuses on the reaction after reading, hearing or watching the advertisement. There are two ways for the individual to process the information given in the advertisement – systematic and superficial information processing. Systematic information processing is where the information attained is being scrutinized and analyzed while superficial information processing is where the information that is attained requires no in depth reading into the information and just coming up with an impression with the details on the advert. For this advertisement analysis, a beauty advert is selected and it would be critically analyzed to see if the ad is effective and appealing to the masses. To help analyze the advertisement various types of heuristics are being used. The different types of heuristics are, emotions – direct and indirect, attractiveness, familiarity, expertise, message-length, consensus, scarcity and consistency. These will be used to discuss and critique the advertisement. Emotions Emotions are one of the main factors when discussing persuassion. There are two types of emotion – direct and indirect. A direct emotion requires a superficial processing and it is based on a classical conditioning. Hence or this advert that focuses on a beauty product, one of the many common emotion that it would trigger would be curiosity. The indirect emotions that would be triggered from the advert, would be feelings of gratefulness or displeasure. At a glance, the advert may intrigue the audience by providing a more conventional method to resolve the problem at hand for the face or skin while the other feeling that would be evoked in the individual would be doubtful and weariness as there are various beauty products in the market that does not justify the purposes of the product. Attractiveness In general, every individual would be very prone to be attracted to someone who is attractive and likeable. Many adverts would usually have an attractive display or an appealing model to promote their products and services. The audience would be more drawn to the advert despite the product and content that is given. A famous celebrity, who is well known and liked, is being used as a model for the beauty product. A more attractive attribute of an individual would allow a much better start for an interaction between the audience and advertisement. With an appealing model, the beauty product that is being advertised would have a high chance of being likeable and interesting which would decrease the probability for the product to be turned down. Familiarity According to Zajonc (1968) individuals favor products and services that they have been regularly exposed to. Very often, the people or audience would be much more drawn to the product or services that they are able to relate to or if the product is considered to be recognizable to them. When familiarity is established between in advertisement and audience, the audience would feel the sense of belonging (Monin, 2003). Adverts that The advertisement that is used is familiar and also established a bond of belonging with the audience. The word natural and the attractive model that is being used for the advert is familiar to the audience – women – as we have an already formed perception of what beautiful looks like – flawless and natural looking skin. Which is what the model is showing off. That aside, it would also able to identify for individuals who are looking for a solution to their facial problems. Expertise Most often, individuals are easily influenced by the behavior of the experts or those who has the upper hand. The credibility of the source is important when an individual is weighing out their options. The individuals need to be assured that the product or services that is offered is trustworthy and competent as this would allow the individual to form a fast perception of the product or service. Advertisements would usually include pictures of an authority figure or include information that is factual. This advert however does not show or establish any from of specific and clear expertise and authority. Message-Length An advertisement with a long message length would be believed and seen as useful as more information is provided. The informative ad would be more appealing as it offers vital information about the product and services at hand. However this would only be useful and effective if the audience were to use a systematic information processing. For this advert, very short information is given but however, the information is direct and clear. But message length does not play a huge role when an attractive model is being used and it would be able to also entice the same reaction as an advert that is informative. According to Chaiken (1980), individuals would rarely check the validity of the message that is give but instead to the readily information given that would be analyzed. Therefore, in conclusion, information processing plays a major and important role when advertisements are at play. Like information processing, heuristics also influences decision-making. Hence, information processing and heuristics would commonly complement and work together when the audience has to make a choice. Thus when making a choice, the individual has to look for more options and weigh out the advantage and disadvantage, this is where the advertisements would play a major role and what heuristic that is being used would also be taken into consideration.

History †The American Revolution Essay

Throughout the colonial period, there were many factors that led to the Revolutionary war, and it was when Britain began passing increasingly oppressive restrictions that colonists began to see independence as the only alternative to British rule. More than anything else, the actions of the British government fostered the feelings of nationalism in the loose collection of isolated colonies. There were many classical examples of British encroachment against liberty in the eyes of the colonists. After the French and Indian War, Britain changed its policies regarding the colonies. These changes in policy, especially the British attempt to raise revenue through direct taxation aroused resentment and in the colonies. Because of the war, Americans gained self-confidence and military experience, saw the need for colonial unity to meet common problems, and had the danger of attack by the French and certain Indian tribes removed from their frontiers and thus become less dependent on Britain. The British policies enacted were meant to place the colonies under strict British political and economic control, compel the colonies to respect and obey British law, and make the colonies bear their part of the cost of maintaining the British Empire (Gordon, 1993). The series of British decrees that followed faced strong opposition in the colonies and did little but encourage nationalism. The Navigation Acts and Writs of Assistance greatly hindered the colonists’ freedom to pursue maximum profit from their labor, as well as freedom from unfair searches by British authorities. No single act did more to unify opposition to imperial rule as the Stamp Act, which led directly to colonists taking the name of â€Å"Patriots† to show their solidarity and opposition (â€Å"The American Revolution: Causes and Consequences,† p. 4). The Stamp Act was the first internal tax levied on the colonies and negatively affected influential lawyers, clergy, and printers, who would increase the sense of national unity and opposition to the crown. The Townshend Acts were a new tax levied on colonial imports, and those colonists in violation were forced to submit to a military trial instead of trial by jury in colonial court (Gordon, 1993). The Quartering Act also imposed upon colonists to provide food and shelter to British soldiers. These taxes and acts, mostly designed to create subordination amongst colonists, had the opposite effect. Colonist began to protest, and delegates from nine colonies even created a Stamp Act Congress in 1765 to protest British tax and boycott British goods. With widespread opposition continuing to grow, the Boston massacre enraging colonists, and the Intolerable Acts coming as the final blow, the First Continental Congress was formed in 1774 and the first steps towards complete national unity had been taken (Gordon, 1993). By 1776, the colonists were ready for a complete break from Britain, no matter the costs, even war against a world power. Despite being untrained and outgunned, the American colonists enjoyed many advantages that enabled them to win the war. The colonies were separated from Britain by 3000 miles of ocean with contacts maintained only by slow moving ships. This slow and sometimes non-existent communication only widened the gap between the genteel British nobility and forces in America. Although most colonists were British in origin, their environment had transformed them into Americans, with intimate knowledge of the makeup of the land. Interaction with Indians, the often difficult North American environment, and the feeling of independence from home rule created a situation in which the Americans were simply more motivated and willing to fight than their British counterparts. Furthermore, many Americans had come from countries hostile to Britain, contributing to the anti-British sentiment. Finally, and perhaps most importantly, a small but highly active minority resented the British monarchy and desired independence which inspired the country to fight. Likewise, the British authorities failed to comprehend the seriousness of colonial resolve. King George III, seeking to revive executive power in Britain, considered the colonists ungrateful and disloyal, rejected efforts at compromise, and pursued a policy of suppressing the colony by force (Gordon, 1993). Presented with a harsh, growing opposition from Britain, colonists began to see themselves as something unique—Americans. Their European way of living was modified by the American environment, especially the frontier with its great tracts of available land, its danger from the Indians, and its challenges from Nature. In adjusting to the new environment, the colonists were forced to change and it only aided their separation from British rule. They developed a spirit of individualism, self-reliance, independence, and faith in the future. With the passing of time, a new person emerged that was no longer a European, but an American in character and outlook (Gordon, 1993). This independent spirit did echo many of the ideals that encouraged British peasants centuries earlier to challenge the monarchy for increased rights, and may have been inevitable. The former British quest for independence saw the creation of the Magna Carta, Parliament, the passage of English Common Law, and eventually the English Bill of Rights during the Glorious Revolution of the late seventeenth century. American desire for self-rule and democracy was uniquely British in that regard, and the distance from the kingdom allowed the colonists to actively seek full independence in a way that the British common man could not. And, through perseverance and high ideals, the colonies succeeded in uniting to defeat their common enemy and create the United States of America.

Mixed metal and mixed ligand for tri-nuclear complexes Research Proposal

Mixed metal and mixed ligand for tri-nuclear complexes - Research Proposal Example The first case involves trinuclear Au (I) adducts {[3, 5-(CF3)2Pz] Au}3.6 (Bowmaker et al, 2014). Complexes involving synthesis of silver(I) and copper(I) exist exhibiting the structures {[3,5-(CF3)2Pz]Ag}3 and {[3,5-(CF3)2Pz]Cu}3. The resultant effect is a copper complex that has a mixed vallent structure of {[3, 5-(CF3)2Pz]5Cu(II)2Cu(I). Cu2 dimer becomes available through treatment of {[3,5-(CF3)2Pz]Cu}3 with 2,4,6- collidine which is of an appropriate amount. Bis(pyrazolyl)borate adduct Cu1 is a byproduct that originates from the synthesis of collidine, CuOTf and [H2B(3,5-(CF3)2Pz)2]K (Lalinde et al, 2014) The equivalent related adducts of Silver Ag1 and Ag2 underwent analogous procedures during their preparations. Various methods characterized their differing complexes which include X-ray crystallography. Cu1 and Cu2 have trigonal planar sites of copper (Miyake et al, 2014. In contrast to the feature, Ag2 consists of Ag(u-N-N)2Ag unit that is found in half-boat conformation. The intermolecular distance between the Ag***Ag molecules is 3.5618A. Other crystals exist which feature Ag2 molecules comprising of flattened and boat chair conformations (BeÃŒ ziau et al, 2013). It becomes important to observe that bis(pyrazolyl)borato components and complexes such as Ag1 are rare due to their ease of decomposition on silver metal (Zhou et al, 2014). Therefore, unique photophysical properties are highlighted for the mononuclear and dinuclear silver(I) and copper(I) complexes. Biswas, S., Saha, R., & Ghosh, A. (2012). Copper (II)–Mercury (II) Heterometallic Complexes Derived from a Salen-Type Ligand: A New Coordination Mode of the Old Schiff Base Ligand. Organometallics, 31(10), 3844-3850. Bowmaker, G. A., Hanna, J. V., King, S. P., Marchetti, F., Pettinari, C., Pizzabiocca, A., ... & White, A. H. (2014). Complexes of Copper (I) Thiocyanate with Monodentate

The role of Human Resource Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The role of Human Resource Management - Essay Example A case study near a large business company shows the difficulty in evaluating this contribution being given the strategic lack of legitimacy of the HRM and the absence of tested criteria of evaluation of its results. In this line, we will discuss the approach exposed by De Cieri and al. (2003) which deals with the problem of HRM in Australia, in term of strategy, people and performance. The approach by the resources constitutes one of the theoretical bases of the strategic human resources management (SHRM) which aims at developing the collective effectiveness of the employees in order to achieve the goals of the company (De Cieri et al. 2003; Truss and Gratton, 1994; Wright and McMahan, 1992). This approach seems relevant to clarify the bond which exists between the human capital, the practices in human resources and the performance of the firm (Delery and Shaw, 2001; McMahan and al, 1999). It supports the renewed interest for the personal element as a source of durable competing advantage while placing the immaterial resources with the row of the strategic credits, making it possible the company to acquire an advantage with respect to its rivals (Boxall, 1996, 1999; Coff, 1997; Gratton, 1999; Kamoche, 1996; Truss, 2001). The perennially and the success of the company constitute the interest shared by all the agents of stakes in the company (Louarn and Wils, 2001). According to the approach by the resources, the organisational performance appears through the creation of a durable competing advantage founded on a human capital highly qualified and highly implied, regarding to a whole HR practices, and through the formulation and the placement of a dynamic HR strategy and futurology (Bamberger and Meshoulam, 2000; Hagan, 1996; Lado and Wilson, 1994; Snell and al, 2000), allowing to have knowledge and competences necessary to face the current and future challenges, and at the favourable time. Thus, any choice judicious of the HR practices to be created and their coherence with the strategy of the company can confer a better performance (Delery and Doty, 1996; Kamoche, 1996). On this subject, numbers empirical studies tried to prove the bond between on the one hand systems the not easily imitable HR pract ices and on the other hand the organisational performance (Arthur, 1994; Becker and GeHRart, 1996; Delaney and Huselid, 1996; Gardner and Al, 2000; Huselid, 1995; MacDuffie, 1995). Some of these studies led to detect this bond, and approved it in spite of some methodological limit and of recognized errors of measurement (Boudreau and Ramstad, 1999; Wright and al, 2001). Moreover, one will try through this article to discuss the approach of De Cieri and al. (2003) which deals with the problem of HRM of resources in Australia, in term of strategy, people and performance. If one refers to the works of De Cieri and al. (2003), it seems to be important to announce that the goal of the text is to give a clear and methodical vision of an intellectual, strategic and practical approach of the human stock management. It is significant to assign also that the work is based on a major academic study as well of theoretical as empirical point, through concrete example cases. Indeed, the work

Aircraft landing gear system Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Aircraft landing gear system - Essay Example twisted, shielded pair with shield grounded at both ends Source (transmitter) must be able to handle 400 ? at the maximum. Receivers must have minimum effective input impedance of 8 ? Normally designed for range of less than 175 ft (or 50+ meters) A data â€Å"one† is created when the rising edge goes from 0 to 10+/- 1 positive volts; a data â€Å"zero† is created when the falling edge goes down from 0 to 10+/- 1 negative volts Error Checking ARINC 429 uses the odd parity bit to detect error and ensure that data that is being received is accurate. It is the last bit in a message transmission constantly changing with label and data change always resulting in â€Å"Odd Parity† always containing the number ‘1.’ Data Word Format An ARINC message is usually a single data word that is 32-bit long and includes five fields: Label; SDI; Data; SSM, and; Parity. Label identifies the kind of data that being transmitted and has a value of 8. SDI (or Source Destin ation Identifier), specifies the value of the intended receiver. In a system with multiple receivers, each receiver is assigned a value. Data, the actual message of the transmission, uses two kinds of format: the BCD (short for Binary Coded Decimal), uses four bits, and; the BNR (short for Binary encoding). Both define units, resolution, range, number of bits used and frequency of the label. SSM (or Status/Sign Matrix) assists in the interpretation of numeric values in the data field with values such as ‘north,’ ‘east,’ ‘plus,’ ‘minus,’ etc. Finally, P, for parity bit, is the last bit transmitted (Cook et al 462). c) Comparison of ARINC 429, ARINC 629 and MIL 1553B Databuses 1. Encoding Method ARINC 429 uses a bipolar return to 0 type of encoding; MIL 1553B uses the Manchester II biphase where a logic one (1) is transmitted as a bipolar coded signal I/O and a logic zero (0) as a bipolar coded signal I/O (TSCM 9-6.2). ARINC 629 also uses binary encoding. 2. Bus Coupling Method The ARINC 429 has integrated line transmitter/receivers that software can program to receive (Rx) or transmit (Tx) and operate at specific transmission rate independently of other channels. On the other hand, ARINC 629 incorporates bus controllers into every unit and coupling is made using current transformers without cutting off wires. Meanwhile, MIL 1553B uses the transformer and direct method of bus coupling. 3. Data Word Format ARINC 429 uses a 32-bit data format. Fig. 2 illustrates the allocation of bits in the fields. It also shows the numbering of bits from 1, or the LSB (Least Significant Bit), to 32, or the MSB (Most Significant Bit). In the order of transmission, the Label is transmitted first, with the MSB going out before the LSB, but in all other fields, the LSB is transmitted first. Fig. 2 shows the order of transmission by field (label, SDI, Data, SSM and P) within every field. MSB LSB Fig. 2 ARINC 429 32-bit Word Format ( AIM GmbH p. 15) Fig. 3 ARINC 429 Word Transfer Order (AIM GmbH p. 15) On the other hand, ARINC 629 uses a 20-bit date format, where the first three bits are allocated to word time synchronisation, the next 16 bits to data content and the last bit as parity bit. Fig. 4 illustrates the bit allocation in an ARINC 629 data bus system and shows that it has only three fields as opposed to the ARINC 429 that may have as